Mitosis

Cell Membrane

Gateway into the cell

The Nucleus holds. . .

DNA

The Cytosol. . .

houses organelles

Somatic cells

diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)

Germ Cells

haploid (1 set of chromosomes)

Karytype

Picture of all chromosomes taken during Metaphase

To make a karytype:

A technician breaks open a human cell in metaphase, stains the chromosomes with a dye and takes pictures of them with a microscope. Finally the chromosomes are arranged by size

A Karytype is helpful for. . .

identifying and detecting any chromosomal abnormalities

Autosome

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

There are _ autosomes in humans

22

Allosomes

A Sex chromosome

• Each human has one (XX or XY)

Asexual

1 parent, mitotic, cloning, large number of offspring produced in a short time, low energy

Sexual

2 parents, meiosis, produces genetic diversity, produces short amount of offspring, low energy

While in Chromatin form, DNA is. . .

wound around histone proteins, to produce nucleosomes

Loci

The particular positions on a chromosome in which genes that code for specific things are found

Alleles 

Different versions of genes

For example, there could be a gene that codes for height. One ALLELE could code for the short characteristic/trait, another could be for tall.

t= short T= Tall

Homologous pairs

Two of the same chromosome, with the same genes on the same loci, but different alleles. One chromosome is from the mother, the other is from the father.

Sister Chromatids

Two chromosomes, exactly identical

Interphase

Cell growth, DNA Replication, centrosomes replicate, protein synthesis

Prophase

Nucleolus disappears, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Metaphase 

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate. The centrioles release the spindle fibers/microtubules to attach to the kinetochore/centromere of chromosomes

Anaphase

The sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers/microtubules

Telophase

Nuceolus reappears

Cytokinesis

Split of cytoplasm.

For Cytokinesis, in animal cells, there is a . . .

Cleavage Furrow

For cytokinesis, in plant cells, there is a …

cell plate

Mitosis is important for. . . .

• Asexual reproduction

• growth of organism

• Tissue renewal

The Phases of The Cell Cycle

1. G1 Phase

2. S Phase

3. G2 Phase

4. M Phase (Mitosis)

G1, S, and G2 are all collectively known as . . .

Interphase

G1

The cell is metabollically active, duplicates organelles and cytosolic components. 

The centrosomes begin to replicate. Lasts 8-10 hours

S Phase

DNA Replication, lasts 8 hours, longest phase of interphase

G2 Phase

Cell growth continues, enzyme and proteins are replicated, centrosome replication is completed (4-6 hours)

Mitosis and Meiosis are

Nuclear divisions

Cytokinesis is

Cytoplasmic/Cytosolic division

G0

The phase where the cell goes if it is unfit to divide, or needs to specialize/differentiate

Kinetochore/Centromere

The place in which the two sister chromatids are held together and where the spindle fibers connect to pull them apart

Centriole/Centrosome

The organelle that holds the spindle fibers/microtubules and dispels them during cell division.