History Final Exam

Briefly describe the traditional worldviews of First Peoples in North America (use

Spirituality, Caretakers of the Land, Language, Values and oral Traditions.)

First Peoples in North America view the land as sacred, emphasizing spirituality and respect for nature. They act as caretakers of the land, preserving it for future generations. Language, values, and oral traditions are central to maintaining their culture and history.

Explain the process of treaty making?

Treaties were agreements between Indigenous peoples and the government, often involving land.

What is the Indian Act? When did it happen?

The Indian Act (1876) is a federal law governing Indigenous peoples in Canada.

What are 8 provisions to the Indian Act?

• Status Definitions

• Reserves

• Band Councils

• Education

• Land Use

• Wills and Estates

• Pass System

• Cultural Restrictions

What are residential schools?

 Residential schools aimed to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture.

What effect did residential scools have on First Nations culture and

way of life?

 They disrupted families, suppressed Indigenous languages, and caused long-term trauma.

What is assimilation?

1. Assimilation was the goal, stripping Indigenous peoples of their cultural identity.

What are reserves?

Reserves are lands set aside for Indigenous communities.

What is the current state of

the reserves in Canada?

Many reserves today face challenges such as inadequate housing and limited resources

What were the terms of the treaties?

Treaties often included terms like land cessions in exchange for goods, services, or promises.

What were the 3 first settlements of New France?

Canada Acadia and Louisiana

How did the settlements function and

operate?

They served as hubs for trade, especially in fur, and were managed by a colonial administration. and for fishing and farming

Who were the King’s Daughters? What was their purpose? What did they receive?

Young women sent to New France to boost population growth. They received dowries

Who was Champlain? Who were the Iroquois and Huron? Allies/enemies?

Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer and founder of Quebec, known for establishing alliances with the Huron people against the Iroquois

What was the focus on the fur trade in New France?

1. involving trading European goods for furs from Indigenous trappers. and beaver pelts

5. Who were the Acadians? What happened to them? Who expelled them?

1. French settlers in Acadia were expelled by the British during the Great Expulsion (1755-1764) due to fears of loyalty to France.

What is mercantilism? How did France utilize it in New France? What were its

positive and negative effects on New France’s development?

1. An economic policy where colonies provided raw materials to the mother country. In New France, this led to economic dependency and limited local industry.

What is the Seigneurial System? Who were the main individuals involved? What

were their rights and obligations? Describe the shape of an individual farm and the

advantage to laying it out in this manner.

1. A land distribution system where seigneurs (lords) rented out land to habitants (farmers). Farms were laid out in long, narrow strips along rivers, maximizing access to water and transportation.

Name the points of agreement and disagreement among the colonies in Canada in

1867.

1.  Colonies agreed on the need for a strong central government but disagreed on representation by population

Who is John A Macdonald? William Lyon Mackenzie? Louis-Joseph Papineau?

Lord Durham?

• John A. Macdonald: First Prime Minister of Canada.

• William Lyon Mackenzie: Leader of the Upper Canada Rebellion.

• Louis-Joseph Papineau: Leader of the Lower Canada Rebellion.

• Lord Durham: Author of the Durham Report recommending the union of Upper and Lower Canada.

What was the Durham report?

1. Proposed the union of Upper and Lower Canada and responsible government as a solution to unrest.

What were the rebellions in 1837? (what were the issues? What groups were

involved? End results?)

1. Armed uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada over political reform, resulting in the failure of the rebellions but leading to significant political changes.

What is the Treaty of Paris?

1.  Ended the Seven Years' War, transferring French territories in North America to Britain.

Who were the Loyalists? What effects did they have on “Canada”? Why did the

relocate?

1. American colonists loyal to Britain who moved to Canada post-American Revolution, influencing its demographics and culture.

Why did the American Revolution happen? What effect did it have on “Canada”?

What acts were put in place to tax the colonists?

 A result of taxation without representation, it led to the independence of the American colonies and affected Canadian borders and policies.

What were the original 4 provinces?

1. Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

Explain the three Acts (Proclamation, Quebec and Constitutional) that were passed

by the British and Canadian governments, along with the problems that existed at the

time and how each one was solved. When did each act come into existence?

• Proclamation Act (1763): Restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

• Quebec Act (1774): Extended Quebec's boundaries and allowed French laws and Catholicism.

• Constitutional Act (1791): Divided Canada into Upper and Lower Canada.

How did Manitoba officially become a province? When was the Manitoba Act

passed?

1.  Became a province through the Manitoba Act (1870), addressing Metis land rights.

Who was Louis Riel? When was he executed? What two rebellions was he involved

in? Describe his mental health. Describe his trial.

• Louis Riel was the Métis leader involved in the Red River Rebellion (1869-1870) and North-West Rebellion (1885).

• He was executed on November 16, 1885 for treason.

• He fought for Métis rights but faced mental health challenges and had a controversial trial.

Compare the Northwest and Red River rebellions

1. Both were conflicts over land and rights, with the Northwest Rebellion being more violent.

What was the List of Rights? Bill of Rights?

1. Documents listing the rights demanded by the Metis.

What was the Battle of Seven Oaks? (who was involved? What happened? Results?)

1. A conflict between the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company and the North West Company, resulting in a Metis victory.

Who was Lord Selkirk? Andre Nault? Dr Schultz? General Middleton? Gabriel

Dumont? Thomas Scott? Colonel Wolseley? Governor McDougall? Big Bear?

Poundmaker?

• Lord Selkirk: Founded the Red River Colony.

• André Nault: A Métis leader, cousin of Riel, and involved in the Red River Rebellion.

• Dr. Schultz: An opponent of Riel and leader in anti-Métis activities.

• General Middleton: Led government forces against the Northwest Rebellion.

• Gabriel Dumont: Riel's military leader in the Northwest Rebellion.

• Thomas Scott: An Orangeman executed by Riel's provisional government, inflaming anti-Riel sentiment.

• Colonel Wolseley: Led the expedition to quash the Red River Rebellion.

• Governor McDougall: Appointed governor of the North-West Territories but never assumed office due to the Red River Rebellion.

• Big Bear and Poundmaker: Indigenous leaders in the Northwest Rebellion.

What is the significance of Rupert’s land and HBC?

1. A vast land controlled by the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company, crucial to Canadian expansion.

What was the settlement that the North West Rebellion happened around?

1. Red River Settlement, a focal point of the Northwest Rebellion.

What was Macdonald’s role in the trial and execution of Riel?

1. Macdonald's tried Riel for treason, leading to his execution. and even though there was contervsy hes till had him executed

Who was instrumental in finishing the CPR? Why was it so useful in the Northwest

Resistance?

The CPR allowed the government to move soldiers, supplies, and equipment across the country much faster than before. This gave them a huge advantage over the Métis, who didn’t have such resources. William Cornelius Van Horne was a main figure in finishing CPR

When did WWI start? End?

1914-1918.

What were some leading causes to the start of WWI? Who was Archduke

Ferdinand?

1.  Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the future leader of Austria-Hungary. He was killed in 1914

3.Who were the Central Powers (Triple Alliance) and Allies (Triple Entente) during

WWI?

1. Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Allies - France, Britain, Russia.

Explain the significance of Trench Warfare? How did it work? Negative impacts?

What was gas warfare? How was it used and what were the results?

Describe the 4 major battles Canada took part in during WWI (Ypres, Somme, Vimy

and Passchendaele)? What were the results of each?

• Ypres: Canada held the line against chemical warfare but faced significant losses.

• Somme: Canadians earned a reputation for bravery, especially in later stages of the battle.

• Vimy: A defining victory for Canada, boosting national pride and identity.

• Passchendaele: A costly victory with questionable strategic value, highlighting the brutality of trench warfare.

What was the conscription crisis? Who was for and against it? Problems? Role of

Laurier and Borden?

What: The Canadian government introduced mandatory military service to support WWI, through the Military Service Act.

For It:

English Canadians & Robert Borden (PM) supported it for war effort.

Against It:

French Canadians & Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Liberal leader) opposed it, fearing division and cultural loss.

How and why was propaganda used during the war? 8. How did the role of women

change during the war?

Propaganda in WWI

• How:

  • Used through posters to boost morale, encourage enlistment, and rationing from the people
    since the men were gone woman took charge doing mens job which would later help in them being able to vote

How did WWI end? Why was it an unstable peace? Significance for Canada?

It ended with the treaty f Versailles which gave Germany big debts which would start ww2 because of problems in Germany but this r was significant for Canada because battles like Vimy ridge gave us a national identiuty