PHAR9922 Combined Quizzes #1-6 (Spring 2024)

Fluticasone/Salmeterol

Fluticasone/Salmeterol

Brand: Advair

Class: Inhaled Corticosteroid, Long-acting B2-Adrenergic Agonist Combination

MOA: Agonises glucocorticoid receptors in the lungs and reduces inflammation / Agonises beta 2 adrenergic receptors which relaxes brochial smooth muscle

Benztropine

Brand: Cogentin

Class: Anti-Parkinsonian, Anti-Cholinergic

MOA: Antagonizes cholinergic receptors and histaminic receptors. May inhibit reuptake and storage of dopamine.

Carbidopa/Levodopa

Brand: Sinemet

Class: Dopamine precursor / decarboxylase inhibitor

MOA: Precursor to dopamine that can cross the BBB with additional compound to prevent metabolic degradation.

Pramipexole

Brand: Mirapex, Mirapex ER

Class: Dopamine agonist

MOA: Agonises dopamine receptors. Nonergot dopamine agonist with specificity for the D2 subfamily dopamine receptor, and has also been shown to bind to D3 and D4 receptors. By binding to these receptors. Stimulates dopamine activity on the nerves of the striatum and substantia nigra

Ropinirole

Brand: Requip

Class: Dopamine Agonist

MOA: Agonises dopamine receptors. Nonergoline Dopamine agonist with higher specificity to D3 receptors (compared to D2/D4). Has moderate affinity to opioid receptors and significant effects on D1 (5-HT1), 5HT2, Benzodiazepine, GABA, muscarinic, alpha1, alpha2 & beta-adrenoreceptors.

Donepezil

Brand: Aricept

Class: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine) in the CNS. This increases levels of acetylcholine.

Memantine

Brand: Namenda

Class: NMDA Receptor Antagonist

MOA: Antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate is believed to contribute to the symptomatology of Alzheimers. Believed to act on an uncompetitive (open-channel) NMDA receptor antagonist that binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels.

Epinephrine

Brand: EpiPen

Class: Alpha/beta agonist

MOA: Agonises alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Alpha - lessens vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid & hypotension). Beta - Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. Also alleviates pruritus, uticara & angioedema

Clobetasol (Topical)

Brand: Clobex

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immune response to stimuli

Dexamethasone

Brand: Decadron

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alter's the bod's immune response to stimuli. Long acting corticosteroid with minimal sodium-retaining potential. It decreases inflammation by suppression of neutrophil migration, decreased production of inflammatory mediators, and reversal of increased capillary permeability; suppresses normal immune response.

Hydrocortisone Topical

Brand: Various (Ala-Cort)

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immune response to stimuli. Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic, Vasoconstrictive. Corticosteroids are thought to induce production of Phopholipase A2 Inhibitotry proteins (Lipocortins). Lipocortins may control the biosynthesis of inflammation mediators (prostaglandins/leukotrienes) by inhibiting precursor arachidonic acid.

Methylprednisolone

Brand: Medrol

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immune response to stimuli. Modify body's immune response to diverse stimuli - Decreases inflammation by suppression of migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability.

Prednisolone Oral

Brand: Various (Orapred, Prelone)

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immune response to stimuli. Decreases inflammation by suppression of migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability; suppresses the immune system by reducing activity and volume of the lymphatic system

Prednisone

Brand: Deltasone

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immune response to stimuli. Decreases inflammation by suppression of migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability; suppresses the immune system by reducing activity and volume of the lymphatic system; suppresses adrenal function at high doses. Antitumor effects may be related to inhibition of glucose transport, phosphorylation, or induction of cell death in immature lymphocytes.

Triamcinolone Topical

Brand: Kenalog

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immune response to stimuli. Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic, Vasoconstrictive. Corticosteroids are thought to induce production of Phopholipase A2 Inhibitotry proteins (Lipocortins). Lipocortins may control the biosynthesis of inflammation mediators (prostaglandins/leukotrienes) by inhibiting precursor arachidonic acid.

Albuterol

Brand: ProAir, Proventil, Ventolin

Class: Selective B2-Adrenergic Agonist

MOA: Agonises beta 2 adrenergic receptors which relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

Budesonide

Brand: Pulmicort

Class: Inhaled Corticosteroid

MOA: Agonises glucocorticoid receptors in the lungs and reduces inflammation

Budesonide/Formoterol

Brand: Symbicort

Class: Inhaled Corticosteroid/LABA

MOA: Agonises glucocorticoid receptors in the lungs and reduces inflammation / Agonises beta 2 adrenergic receptors which relaxes brochial smooth muscle

Fluocinonide Topical

Brand: Various (Lidex)

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Alters the body's immmune response to stimuli. Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic, Vasoconstrictive. Corticosteroids are thought to induce production of Phopholipase A2 Inhibitotry proteins (Lipocortins). Lipocortins may control the biosynthesis of inflammation mediators (prostaglandins/leukotrienes) by inhibiting precursor arachidonic acid.

Fluticasone Nasal

Brand: Flonase

Class: Corticosteroids

MOA: Vasoconstrics and reduces inflammation in the nose. Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic, Vasoconstrictive. Corticosteroids are thought to induce production of Phopholipase A2 Inhibitotry proteins (Lipocortins). Lipocortins may control the biosynthesis of inflammation mediators (prostaglandins/leukotrienes) by inhibiting precursor arachidonic acid.

Fluticasone Inhaled

Brand: Flovent HFA, Arnuity Ellipta

Class: Inhaled Adrenal Corticosteroid

MOA: Agonises glucocorticoid receptors in the lungs and reduces inflammation.

Ipratropium/Albuterol

Brand: Combivent

Class: Anti-Cholinergic/Selective B2-Agonist Combination

MOA: Antagonizes acetylcholine in the lungs leading to bronchial smooth muscle relaxation / Agonises beta 2 adrenergic receptors which relaxes brochial smooth muscle

Levalbuterol

Brand: Xopenex

Class: B2-Agonist

MOA: Agonises beta 2 adrenergic receptors which relaxes bronchial smooth muscle. Relaxes smooth muscles of all airways (from trachea to terminal bronchioles). Increases adenylyl cyclase that leads to increased cAMP, which activates PKA, which inhibits phosphorylation of myosin and lowers Ca2+ concentration, resulting in muscle relaxation.

Montelukast

Brand: Singulair

Class: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

MOA: Antagonizes the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor which is involved in allergic response. (they are products of arachidonic acid metabolism and are released from various cells (mast cells/eosinophils)

Tiotropium

Brand: Spiriva

Class: LAMA

MOA: Antagonizes muscarinic receptors in the lungs leading to bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. Long-acting antimuscarinic agent (anti-cholinergic) similar affinity to M1-M5 receptors. In airways: inhibits M3 receptors at smooth muscle which leads to bronchodilation - predominantly a site-specific effect.

Triamcinolone Nasal

Brand: Nasacort

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Vasoconstrics and reduces inflammation in the nose. Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic, Vasoconstrictive. Corticosteroids are thought to induce production of Phopholipase A2 Inhibitotry proteins (Lipocortins). Lipocortins may control the biosynthesis of inflammation mediators (prostaglandins/leukotrienes) by inhibiting precursor arachidonic acid.

Bimatoprost

Brand: Lumigan

Class: Prostaglandin analogue

MOA: Decreases Intraocular Pressure (IOP) by increasing outflow of aqueous humor through trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral drainage systems.

Brimonidine

Brand: Alphagan, Lumify

Class: Alpha 2 agonist

MOA: Reduces aqueous humor production and increases uveoscleral outflow.

Cyclosporine Ophthalmic

Brand: Restasis

Class: Calcineurin Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits the release and production of interleukin II. Binds to cyclophilin to inhibit the antigenic response of THC which reduces the production of IL-2 and suppresses IF-y. Inhibition of immune response limits inflammation

Latanoprost

Brand: Xalatan

Class: Prostaglandin analogue

MOA: Reduces intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor.

Olopatadine

Brand: Pataday

Class: Histamine antagonist

MOA: Inhibits histamine release from mast cells and inhibits histamine's effects on cells. Selective H1-antagonist: inhibits release of histamine from mast cells. Blocks type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions - prevents histamine-mediated effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells

Travoprost

Brand: Travatan

Class: Prostaglandin analogue

MOA: Lowers intraocular pressure by increasing trabecular meshwork and outflow.

Eletriptan

Brand: Relpax

Class: Antimigraine Serotonin Receptor Agonist

MOA: Binds to serotonin receptors to inhibit proinflammatory neuropeptide release

Loteprednol (Ophthalmic)

Brand: Alrex, Lotemax

Class: Corticosteroid

MOA: Inhibits inflammatory response through corticosteroid activity

Mometasone Nasal

Brand: Nasonex

Class: Corticosteroid, Intranasal

MOA: Inhibits inflammatory response through corticosteroid activity

Rizatriptan

Brand: Maxalt

Class: Antimigraine Serotonin Receptor Agonist

MOA: Binds to serotonin receptors to inhibit proinflammatory neuropeptide release

Sumatriptan

Brand: Imitrex

Class: Antimigraine Serotonin Receptor Agonist

MOA: Binds to serotonin receptors to inhibit proinflammatory neuropeptide release

Timolol (Ophthalmic)

Brand: Betimol, Timoptic

Class: Beta-Blocker, Antiglaucoma Agent

MOA: Blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors to reduce intraocular pressure

Conjugated Estrogens

Brand: Premarin

Class: Estrogen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring estrogen, it comes from horses. Bind to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. Reduces pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), through a negative-feedback mechanism.

Estradiol oral

Brand: Estrace

Class: Estrogen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring estrogen

Estradiol patch

Brand: Alora, Climara, Vivelle-DOT

Class/indication: Estrogen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring estrogen

Oral Contraceptives: -Mono, bi, and triphasic

Brand: Many

Class: Oral Contraceptive

MOA: Combination contraceptives suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to inhibit ovulation.

Ethinyl estradiol-etonogestrel ring

Brand: NuvaRing

Class: Contraceptive

MOA: Combination contraceptives suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to inhibit ovulation.

Medroxyprogesterone

Brand: Provera, Depo-Provera

Class: Progestin

MOA: Transforms a proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium. Reduces the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia and risk of adenocarcinoma. Inhibits secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which prevents follicular maturation and ovulation and causes endometrial thinning. Lead to atrophy of the endometrial tissue.

Progesterone

Brand: Prometrium, Various

Class: Progestin

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring progesterone. Natural steroid hormone that induces secretory changes in the endometrium, promotes mammary gland development, relaxes uterine smooth muscle, blocks follicular maturation and ovulation, and maintains pregnancy.

Testosterone

Brand: AndroGel, Androderm

Class: Androgen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring testosterone. Principal endogenous androgen responsible for promoting the growth and development of the male sex organs and maintaining secondary sex characteristics in androgen-deficient males

Sildenafil

Brand: Viagra

Class: PDE-5 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits Phosphodiesterase type 5. Enhances the effect of NO, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

Tadalafil

Brand: Cialis

Class: PDE-5 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5. Enhances the effect of NO, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

Vardenafil

Brand: Levitra

Class: PDE-5 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits Phosphodiesterase type 5. Enhances the effect of NO, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

Dutasteride

Brand: Avodart

Class: 5 α-reductase inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits the conversion of testosterone. Competitive/selective inhibitor of both reproductive tissues (type 2) and skin and hepatic (type 1) 5α-reductase. Disrupts the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

Finasteride

Brand: Proscar, Propecia

Class: 5 α-reductase inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits the conversion of testosterone. Competitively inhibits type II 5-alpha reductase, resulting in inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and markedly suppresses serum dihydrotestosterone levels

Alendronate

Brand: Fosamax, Binosto

Class: Bisphosphonate

MOA: Inhibits bone resorption via actions on osteoclasts or on osteoclast precursors; decreases the rate of bone resorption, leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density.

Ibandronate

Brand: Boniva

Class: Bisphosphanate Derivative

MOA: Inhibits bone resorption via actions on osteoclasts or on osteoclast precursors; decreases the rate of bone resorption, leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density.

Risedronate

Brand: Actonel

Class: Bisphosphonate

MOA: Inhibits bone resorption via actions on osteoclasts or on osteoclast precursors; decreases the rate of bone resorption, leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density.

Raloxifene

Brand: Evista

Class: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator

MOA: Binds to estrogen receptors resulting in activation of some pathways and blockade of others.

Darifenacin

Brand: Enablex

Class: Urinary antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors. Selective antagonist of the M3 muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor subtype. Blockade of the receptor limits bladder contractions, reducing the symptoms of bladder irritability/overactivity (urge incontinence, urgency and frequency).

Oxybutynin

Brand: Ditropan

Class: Urinary Antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors. Direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle, also inhibits the action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle; does not block effects at skeletal muscle or at autonomic ganglia; increases bladder capacity, decreases uninhibited contractions, and delays desire to void, therefore, decreases urgency and frequency

Solifenacin

Brand: Vesicare

Class: Urinary Antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors. Inhibits muscarinic receptors resulting in decreased urinary bladder contraction, increased residual urine volume, and decreased detrusor muscle pressure.

Tamsulosin

Brand: Flomax

Class: Alpha 1 blocker

MOA: Selectively blocks postsynaptic alpha-1-adrenergic receptors; relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate causing an improvement of urine flow.

Tolterodine

Brand: Detrol, Detrol LA

Class: Urinary Antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors. Urinary bladder contraction is mediated by muscarinic receptors. Increases residual urine volume and decreases detrusor muscle pressure

Levothyroxine

Brand: Synthroid

Class: Thyroid Supplement

MOA: Mimics naturally occuring thyroid hormones. Synthetic form of thyroxine, an endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. T4 is converted to its active metabolite, L-triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) then bind to thyroid receptor proteins in the cell nucleus and exert metabolic effects through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis; involved in normal metabolism, growth, and development; promotes gluconeogenesis, increases utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores, and stimulates protein synthesis, increases basal metabolic rate

Thyroid

Brand: Armour Thyroid

Class: Thyroid Supplement

MOA: Mimics naturally occurring thyroid hormones. The primary active compound is T3 (triiodothyronine), which may be converted from T4 (thyroxine) and then circulates throughout the body to influence growth and maturation of various tissues; exact mechanism of action is unknown; however, it is believed the thyroid hormone exerts its many metabolic effects through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis; involved in normal metabolism, growth, and development; promotes gluconeogenesis, increases utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores and stimulates protein synthesis, increases basal metabolic rate

Canagliflozin

Brand: Invokana

Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen and lowers the renal threshold for glucose (RTG) resulting in increased urinary excretion of glucose.

Dapagliflozin

Brand: Farxiga

Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen and lowers the renal threshold for glucose (RTG) resulting in increased urinary excretion of glucose.

Dulaglutide

Brand: Trulicity

Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

MOA: Increases glucose dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases food intake.

Exenatide

Brand: Byetta, Bydureon

Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

MOA: Increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases food intake.

Glimepiride

Brand: Amaryl

Class: Sulonylurea

MOA: Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; reduces glucose output from the liver; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites

Glipizide

Brand: Glucotrol

Class: Sulfonylurea

MOA: Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; reduces glucose output from the liver; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites

Insulin Aspart

Brand: NovoLog, Fiasp

Class: Rapid-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Insulin Detemir

Brand: Levemir

Class: Long-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Insulin Glargine

Brand: Lantus, Basaglar, Tuojeo

Class: Long-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Insulin Lispro

Brand: Humalog, Lyumjev

Class: Rapid-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Linagliptin

Brand: Tradjenta

Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

MOA: Binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzyme, resulting in prolonged incretin levels.

Liraglutide

Brand: Victoza, Saxenda

Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

MOA: Increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases food intake.

Metformin

Brand: Glucophage

Class: Biguanide

MOA: Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity (increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization)

Pioglitazone

Brand: Actos

Class: Thiazolidinedione (TZD)

MOA: Improves target cell response to insulin, without increasing insulin secretion.

Repaglinide

Brand: Prandin

Class: Meglitinide

MOA: Stimulates insulin secretion from beta cells of the pancreas. Nonsulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which blocks ATP-dependent potassium channels, depolarizing the membrane and facilitating calcium entry through calcium channels.

Saxagliptin

Brand: Onglyza

Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme resulting in prolonged active incretin levels. Incretin hormones regulate glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells and decreasing glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells.

Sitagliptin

Brand: Januvia

Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

MOA: Binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzyme, resulting in prolonged incretin levels.

Mirabegron

Brand: Myrbetriq

Class: Beta 3 Agonist

MOA: Agonizes the beta-3 receptors on the detrusor smooth muscle and increasing bladder capacity

Potassium Iodide

Brand: SSKI

Class: Anithyroid Agent, Iodine

MOA: Given to decrease thyroid hormone production; protects from radioactive exposure because it blocks radioactive iodine from accumulating into the thyroid

Amiodarone

Brand: Pacerone

Class: Class III Antiarryhthmic Agent

MOA: Inhibits adrenergic stimulation and affects sodium, potassium, and calcium channels.

Amlodipine

Brand: Norvasc

Class: DHP-CCB

MOA: Blocks calcium channels which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates arteries. Inhibits calcium ion from entering the “slow channels” or select voltage-sensitive areas of vascular smooth muscle and myocardium during depolarization.

Atenolol

Brand: Tenormin

Class: Beta blocker

MOA: selectively blocks beta1-receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors except at high doses

Benazepril

Brand: Lotensin

Class: ACE inhibitor

MOA: Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This reduces vasoconstriction and aldosterone production.

Bisoprolol

Brand: Zebeta

Class: Beta blocker

MOA: Selective inhibitor of beta1-adrenergic receptors.

Candesartan

Brand: Atacand

Class: ARB

MOA: Antagonizes angiotensin receptors. This reduces vasoconstriction and aldosterone production.

Carvedilol

Brand: Coreg

Class: Beta blocker

MOA: Blocks beta receptors nonselectively. Also blocks alpha-1 receptors which helps reduce blood pressure.

Chlorthalidone

Brand: Thalitone

Class: Thiazaide diuretic

MOA: Sulfonamide-derived analog, inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

Clonidine

Brand: Catapres

Class: Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist

MOA: Stimulates alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the brain stem activating an inhibitory neuron that reducs sympathetic outflow from the CNS.

Digoxin

Brand: Digitek, Lanoxin

Class: Cardiac Glycoside

MOA: Inhibits sodium potassium ATPase which leads to an increase in intracellular Ca. This increases contractility.

Diltiazem

Brand: Cardizem

Class: Non-DHP CCB

MOA: Prevents calcium ions from entering the myocardium through "slow channels" during depolarization.

Doxazosin

Brand: Cardura

Class: Alpha 1 Blocker

MOA: Antagonizes alpha 1 adrenergic receptors which leads to vasodilation.

Enalapril

Brand: Vasotec

Class: ACE inhibitor

MOA: Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This reduces vasoconstriction and aldosterone production.

Felodipine

Brand: Plendil

Class: DHP-CCB

MOA: Blocks calcium channels which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates arteries.

Fosinopril

Brand: Monopril

Class: ACE inhibitor

MOA: Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This reduces vasoconstriction and aldosterone production.

Furosemide

Brand: Lasix

Class: Loop Diuretic

MOA: Prevents sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle.

Hydralazine

Brand: Apresoline

Class: Vasodilator

MOA: Directly dilates the arterioles. Although exact mechanism unknown, arterial vasodilation may occur via inhibition of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibition of myosin phosphorylation in arterial smooth muscle cells (McComb 2016).

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Brand: Microzide

Class: Thiazide diuretic

MOA: Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules causing increased excretion of sodium and water as well as potassium and hydrogen ions.

Irbesartan

Brand: Avapro

Class: ARB

MOA: Antagonizes angiotensin receptors. This reduces vasoconstriction and aldosterone production.