Part One Boards: General Anatomy

The teeth are an example of what type of joint?

Gomphosis

On which bone is the spiral groove located?

Humerus

What type of cells line the upper respiratory tract?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the function of a Kupffer cell?

Phagocyte of liver

Alveolar type II cells secrete what in the lungs?

Surfactant

Which nerve is interrupted when flexion of the thumb can no longer occur?

Median nerve

The distal ulnar/radius is what type of joint?

Syndesmosis

A coronoid process is found on which two bones?

Ulna and mandible

What does Human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone maintain?

Corpus luteum

What is the primary muscle of hip abduction?

Gluteus medius (Minimus as well)

What is the function of peroneus longus?

Flex foot

Where in the mediastinum is the pericardium located?

Middle mediastinum

What layer covered the entire fiber surface of a muscle fiber?

Endomysium

What bones form the squamous suture?

parietal and temporal

Where is linea aspera located?

Posterior femur

What is the nerve supply to medial thigh?

Obturator

What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

medial: extensor pollicis longus

lateral: extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

Proximal: styloid of radius

What do major calyces empty into?

Renal pelvis

Which plane is parallel to the floor?

Transverse

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS minor)

Where is the supraglenoid tubercle located?

Scapula

What nerve innervates teres minor?

Axillary

Which rotator cuff muscle externally rotates the arm?

Infraspinatus

Which nerve innervates serratus anterior?

long thoracic (SALT)

What innervates pronator teres?

Median nerve

What artery supplies pronator teres?

Ulnar artery

What innervates sphincter ani externus?

Branch of pudendal nerve

Skeletal muscles are uninucleated/multinucleated?

Multinucleated

What is the shortest muscle in the human body?

Stapedius

What is the longest muscle in the human body?

Sartorius

Where does gastroc insert?

calcaneus via achilles tendon

What innervates the popliteus and rest of posterior leg?

Tibial nerve; posterior tibial is blood supply

What innervates peroneus longus and brevis (lateral leg)?

superficial peroneal nerve (aka fibular); blood supply is anterior tibial/peroneal

What are the extensors of the thumb innervated by?

Radial nerve

What are the flexors and abductors of the thumb innervated by?

Median nerve

What are the adductors of the thumb innervated by?

Ulnar nerve

What type of joint is the Atlanto-axial joint?

Pivot (trochoid)

What type of joint has the least amount of movement?

Synarthrosis

What type of joints are the hip and shoulder?

Spheroid (ball and socket)

What is the unhappy triad?

MCL, ACL, medial meniscus (MAM)

What is the purpose of anterior cruciate ligament?

Resist anterior translation of tibia in relation to femur

What are the locations of stratified squamous cells?

Outermost layer of skin, oral cavity, vagina, esophagus

Which ligament protects the elbow from twisting forces generated by pitching, serving a tennis ball, or throwing javelin?

Medial collateral (ulnar collateral)

What is flexor radialis innervated by?

Median nerve

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Femoral

Which two muscles of the leg cross two joints?

Rectus femoris and sartorius

What muscle overlies adductor brevis and longus?

Pectineus

What innervates posterior thigh?

Tibial nerve (deep femoral for blood supply)

What does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

TFL and gluteus med/min

What innervates gluteus maximus?

INFERIOR gluteal nerve

What innervates anterior leg?

Deep peroneal nerve (aka anterior tibial); blood supply is anterior tibial

When do internal organs begin to form?

2 months

What do the efferent cranial nerves develop from?

Basal plate

Which pouch becomes the thymus gland?

3rd pharyngeal pouch

Which pouch becomes the pharyngeal tonsil?

2nd pharyngeal pouch

What are syndesmoses and symphysis joints made of?

Fibrocartilage

What type of joint are epiphyseal plates?

synchondrosis

What type of joint are knee, elbow, phalanges, and TMJ?

Hinge/ginglymus (diarthrosis)

What type are joints are between carpals/tarsals, sternoclavicular, and costovertebral?

Gliding (diarthrosis)

What kind of joint is the thumb?

Saddle/sella (diarthrosis)

What kind of joint is the radiocarpal and Atlanto-occipital joints?

Ellipsoidal/condyloid (diarthrosis)

Which joints are fibrous?

Sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis

What is the strongest ligament of the ankle and foot?

Deltoid

What is the most commonly injured ligament of ankle and foot?

Lateral ligament

What is the spring ligament aka?

Plantar calcaneonavicular

Which bones undergo intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicle

What are located between lamellae?

Lacunae (osteocytes in lacunae)

Which part of the bone feels pain?

periosteum

What forms from the foregut?

Glands of buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches, pharynx

What forms from the midgut?

Duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon

What forms from the hindgut?

Part of transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, rectum, upper anal canal

What forms from the Allantois?

Urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate, urethral glands

Where is the division of the foregut and midgut?

Liver and pancreatic buds

Which ligament wraps around the head of the radius, attaching to head of ulna, and stabilizes radius and radial notch, allowing for rotation of hand?

Annular collateral ligament

What makes up the portal triad?

portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct

How many bones in body?

206 (126 appen. And 80 ax.)

What connects the ciliary body with crystalline lens of eye?

Zonule of Zinn

Which nerve is damaged when you fracture the surgical head of humerus?

Axillary (shaft damages radial)

Which metacarpals does hamate articulate with?

4th and 5th

There are _________ cuneiform bones of the foot and they are on ___________ side

3; medial (cuboid is single lateral)

What are the branches off the external carotid artery?

Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular (save a lady falling out of a plane super man); terminates superficial temporal and maxillary

What are the branches off the ascending aorta and aortic arch?

Coronary arteries, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

What branches off abdominal aorta?

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal artery, gonadal artery, inferior mesenteric artery

What does ectoderm become?

Epithelial cells of skin and nervous tissue (mesoderm everything else)

What does endoderm become?

Epithelial cells of respiratory and digestive tracts (mesoderm everything else)

What do sclerotomes become?

Vertebral column

What do myotomes become?

Muscle

Where does 60-70% of saliva come from?

Submandibular gland (rest from parotid)

The ______ ligament connects the left lobe of liver to diaphragm, the ___________ ligament does the right side

Falciform; coronary

What lies in the liver fissure and is the remnant of ductus venosus?

Ligamentum venosum

Which cells secrete HCL and IF?

Parietal cells (oxyntic)

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

Chief (zymogenic)

Where is CCK made and what does it do?

Epithelial cells of SI; stimulates pancreas to release bile

What allows for expansion of the rectum and anus?

Columns of morgagni

What is the largest visceral organ and also the largest gland of the entire body?

Liver

What are the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe of the liver called, respectively?

Caudate and quadrate

Which muscles close the nasopharynx during swallowing?

Mylohyoid and digastric

Function and location of cuboidal cells?

Ducts/tubes for secretion/absorption; salivary glands, kidney tubules, pancreatic ducts

Where is transitional epithelial tissue found?

Bladder

Where are the renal pyramids located?

Medulla