VACCINES AND ITS TYPES

Vaccine

A biological product that can be used to safely induce an immune response that confers protection against infection/disease

a. derived from the pathogen

b. produced synthetically

Vaccines safely induce an immune response - it must contain antigent that are…

to respond to, and remember, encounters with athogen antigen

Vaccines exploit the extraordinary ability of the higly evolved human immune system to ______

Vaccinology

method of preventing smallpox, has its roots in the work of Edward Jenner (Father of Vacinology) and Benjamin Jesty

1974

inoculated his family with cowpox pustule material (first recorded vaccination)

Edward Jenner

developed a series of experiments involving cowpox, pustules, demonstrating the protective capacity of this method

variolae vaccinae

“smallpox of cows“

Louis Pasteur (1864)

proposed the “Germ Theory of Disease” postulating that infectious disease were caused by microorganisms; he later on developed the rabies vaccine

• B cell-dependent

• T celldependent mechanisms

• Induction of immune memory

Vaccines provide direct protection of the immunized individual through the

1. Live attenuated

2. Inactivated

3. Subunit

4. Toxoid

5. Vector-based

6. Nucleic acid

Types of Vaccines

Live attenuated vaccine

• Has weakened pathogens - retain the ability to replicate in the host, mimicking natural infection

• offer long-lasting immunity without causing the disease

Attenuation

occurs through processes like serial passage in cell cultures or unconventional hosts

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine

Example of Live attenuated

Inactivated vaccine

• Made from pathogens that are chemically or physically treated to prevent replication

• These pathogens lose their ability to cause disease but still trigger an immune response most commonly humoral

• Safe and well-tolerated; low risk of reversion to virulent form

Polio vaccine, influenza vaccine

Example o f Inactivated vaccine