APHUG Unit 2 Vocab

Population Distribution

the pattern of human settlement-the spread of people across the earth

Population Density

measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer

Social Stratification

hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity

Midlatitude

regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

Arithmetic Population Density

calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area (says little about population distribution)

Physiological Population Density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land (useful for determining a region’s carrying capacity)

Agriculture Population Density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land (indication of the efficiency of the region’s farmers)

Overpopulation

having more people than the land can support

Carry Capacity

number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Population Pyramids

provide information on birth rate, death rates, how long people live on average, and economic development

Cohorts

a vertical axis shows age groups

Birth Deficit

the showdown of births

Baby Boom

birth rate spikes

Baby Bust

once the boom ends, birthrates are lower for a number of years

Echo

A period of high birth rates that occurs when children from a baby boom

Potential Workforce

the group expected to the society’s labor force

Dependent Population

people under 15 or over 64

Dependency Ratio

the comparison between the size of these two groups

Demographic Balancing Equation

describe the future population of a region of any scale

Future population = current population + (# of births - # of deaths) + (# of immigrants - # of emigrants)

CBR

Crude Birth Rate (live births per year for each 1,000 people)

TFR

Total Fertility Rate (women in their childbearing years of ages 15-49) the average number of children who would be born per woman

Life Expectancy

the average number of years people live

IMR

infant mortality rate - he # of children who die before their first birthday

CDR

Crude Death Rate (# of deaths per year for every 1,000 people)

RNI

Rate of Natural Increase (percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining)

Population Doubling Time

the time it takes to double in size

DTM

Demographic Transition Model shows 5 typical staged of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Demographic Momentum

the tendency of a population to continue growing even after birth rates have declined

ETM

Epidemiologic Transition model explains the changing death rates and ore common causes of death within societies

Malthusian Theory

The world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur

Boserup Theory

people will develop new and more intensive agricultural practices as the population increases in size and density

Neo-Malthusians

a concern that overpopulation, as well as overconsumptio,n may increase resource depletion and/or environmental degradation,n will lead to ecological collapse or other hazards (concern about non-renewable sources depleting)

Antinatalist Policies

a government policy to slow down the fertility rate of a country

Pronatalist Policies

seeks to increase birth rates with policies that encourage people to have more children

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

migration made by choice

Push Factors

negative circumstances where they live that causes a person to leave

Pull Factors

usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances

Immigrant

a person who ingrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently

Emigrant

when people migrate AWAY from somewhere in perspective to the country

Migration Transition Model

argues that countries I stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people and acts as a push factor. Thus, they migrate to less-crowded Stage 4 to 5 countries, which offer greater economic opportunities with growing economies and aging populations

Intervening Obstacles

a factor that prevents or hinders the movement of people from one place to another (BAD example is getting stuck in a war zone)

Intervening Opportunities

something that prevents or hinders a migrant from reaching their desired distinction (GOOD! For example, getting a good job)

Step Migration

a process which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Counter Migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

Return Migration

immigrants moving back to their former home

Forced Migration

migrants have no choice but to move

Internally Displaced Persons

(IDPs) move to another part of the same country for safety

Refugees

moves to another country seeking safety from their own (crosses international borders)

Asylum

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if she or he returns

Internal Migration

migration that happens within a country political borders

Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another or internationally rather than internally

Chain Migration

migrant often decide to locate in a city or community where other from their home country have previously settles in

Guest Workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

Transhumance

the process of herder moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons.

Guest Worker Policies

regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Xenophobia

strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittances

money sent to their family and friends in the country they left

Brain Drain

when migration out of a country is made up of highly skilled people

Ethnic Enclaves

filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

Natural Increase Rate

calculated by subtracting the crude death rate (CDR) from the crude birth rate (CBR)

Child Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of children under the age of five per 1,000 live births in a given population during a specific time period

Sex Ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population, often expressed as the number of males per 100 females

Zero Population Growth

a demographic state where births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration, resulting in a stable population size, neither increasing nor decreasing significantl

Lee’s Model of Migration

a theory created by Everett Lee that states push and pull factors creates migration stream from one place to another which can be influence by intervening obstacles and opportunities

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

a set of rules that outline patterns and trends in human migration.

1. Each migration flow produces a counterflow of people moving in the opposite direction.

2. Most migrants move short distances

3. Longer distances = big city destinations

4. Most migrants are from rural areas

5. Migration is caused by economic reasons.

Repatriation

when refugees return to their country of origin