Patho Exam 2

Chronic vs Episodic Headaches

Chronic headaches occur 15 days per month or more, episodic headaches occur less frequently.

Neural Elements of the Spinal Cord Injury

Refers to damage caused by trauma, impacting motor and sensory function.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Definition

Damage to the neural elements of the spinal cord, caused by trauma from various sources.

Cranial Fluid Testing

A positive glucose test indicates the presence of cerebrospinal fluid in nasal drainage.

Increased Cranial Pressure Causes

Can be caused by bleeding and inflammation, limiting blood flow to brain tissue.

Corticosteroids in Meningitis

Used to quickly reduce inflammation in cases of bacterial meningitis.

Common Causes of Anemia

Vitamin B deficiency, iron deficiency, chronic disease, or genetic disorders.

Symptoms of Hepatitis

Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

Medications for Seizures

Phenytoin and Phenobarbital are commonly used for seizure management.

Management of Liver Issues

Includes correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances and liver transplantation if necessary.

Aspiration Complications

Dysfunction of cranial nerves can lead to aspiration pneumonia and potential death.

FLACC Scale Usage

A pain assessment tool utilized for children and infants to evaluate pain levels.

Treatment Options for Diabetes

May include insulin, oral medications like Metformin, and lifestyle changes.

Pain Management in Infants and Children

Utilizes scales like FLACC and includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods.

Pain Assessment Importance

Direct feedback from patients is crucial for effective pain management.

Hypertension as a Stroke Risk Factor

High blood pressure can lead to both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.

Gallbladder Function

The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, aiding in fat digestion.

Acute vs Chronic Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis presents suddenly, while chronic pancreatitis develops over time.

Signs of Jaundice

Characterized by yellowing of skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to elevated bilirubin.

Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms

Can include muscle weakness, vision problems, and impaired coordination.

Cirrhosis Complications

Potential complications may include portal hypertension and liver failure.

Pain Indicators in Children

May include behaviors like groaning, grimacing, and changes in vital signs.

Phantom Limb Pain

A condition where a person feels sensations such as itching, burning, or stabbing pain in a limb that has been amputated.

Erythropoiesis

The process by which the body produces red blood cells.

Anemia

Condition characterized by fatigue and chest pain due to a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin.

Microcytic Anemia

Small red blood cells with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 80.

Normocytic Anemia

Normal cell size with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) between 80-96.

Macrocytic Anemia

Abnormally large red blood cells with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) greater than 96.

Migraine Triggers

Common triggers include menstrual cycles, bright light exposure, stress, fatigue, specific foods, and wine.

Sumatriptan (Imitrex)

Medication indicated for acute treatment of migraines and cluster headaches.

Myasthenia Gravis

A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by the destruction of acetylcholine receptors.

FLACC Scale

A method of evaluating pain in infants and children based on Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability.

Parkinson’s Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder marked by muscle weakness, tremors, and postural changes due to dopamine loss.

Levodopa/Carbidopa

A medication that reduces symptoms of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

An autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheath in the central nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms.

Acute Pancreatitis

A condition commonly associated with alcoholism and gallstones, presenting with abdominal pain.

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by high serum glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production.

Ketoacidosis

A significant complication of diabetes leading to increased production of ketones and fruity-smelling breath.

Metformin

Medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes that enhances glucose utilization and reduces hepatic glucose production.

Cholestasis

A condition characterized by the slowing or stalling of bile flow from the liver, leading to jaundice.

Gallstones

Solid formations in the gallbladder that can develop from cholesterol or bilirubin.

Hepatitis A

A preventable viral infection transmitted through contaminated shellfish or water.

Hepatitis B

A viral infection that can spread through blood or sexual contact, vaccination is available.

Hepatitis C

A blood-borne viral infection whose antiviral treatments can cure over 95% of cases.

Brain Tumors

Primary tumors rarely metastasize outside the brain, while secondary tumors arise from metastatic sites.

Seizures

Abnormal cerebral function resulting from various triggers; occurrence of multiple seizures indicates epilepsy.

Chronic Headache

Defined as headaches occurring 15 days per month, lasting 4 hours or more.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ)

Pain and tenderness in jaw joints, often due to grinding or injury.

Cirrhosis

A late-stage liver disease characterized by scarring and impaired liver function.

Neurogenic Bladder

A condition where bladder function is affected by neurological disorders, leading to urinary dysfunction.

Tension Headache

A common type of chronic headache characterized by dull, bilateral pain.

Cluster Headaches

Unilateral, severe headaches occurring in cycles, often with sensitivity to light and noise.

Pain Management Strategies

Includes non-pharmacological methods such as RICE and pharmacological options like NSAIDs and opioids.

Cranial Nerves

Dysfunction of cranial nerves can lead to severe complications, including aspiration.

Iron Retention

The majority of the body’s iron is retained from recycled red blood cells.

Positive Halo Test

A test for the presence of cerebrospinal fluid indicated by glucose in clear nasal drainage.

Pain Assessment

Evaluating pain using direct patient feedback and observing physical indicators.

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

Includes retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy resulting from diabetes.

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes

Increased risks for cardiovascular diseases affecting coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vessels.

Sumatriptan (Imitrex)

Medication indicated for acute treatment of migraines and cluster headaches.

Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)

A medication that reduces symptoms of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease.

Donepezil (Aricept)

Cholinesterase inhibitor used to decrease breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing neuromuscular impulse transmission.

Metformin

Medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes that enhances glucose utilization and reduces hepatic glucose production.

Ursodiol

Medication that prevents and treats certain types of gallstones by reducing liver cholesterol production.

Antiseizure Medications

These can modify pain pathways and are used for managing seizures.

Opioids (e.g., Morphine)

Commonly used for pain management.

NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that block prostaglandins.

Corticosteroids

Can quickly reduce inflammation in various conditions.

Phenobarbital

Intended for long-term treatment of focal seizures; may lead to hallucinations and nightmares.

Dilantin (Phenytoin)

Used for seizure management; can cause gingival hyperplasia.

Beta-blockers (e.g., Propranolol)

Used for treatment options for chronic headaches.

Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Norvasc)

Used for treatment options for chronic headaches.

Antidepressants (SSRIs)

Includes Celexa, Prozac, and Paxil; used for treatment options for chronic headaches.

Antivirals (for Hepatitis C)

Can cure over 95% of infections.

Lactulose

Used to flush out ammonia toxins from the body in cases of liver failure.