Network Technology - Network Standard Protocols (Midterm)

Standards

are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a particular product or service should be designed or performed to ensure compatibility and interoperability among different systems and products

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

is an international society composed of engineering professionals. It aims to promote development and education in the electrical engineering and computer science fields

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

is an organization composed of more than one thousand representatives from industry and government who together to determine standards for electronics, industry and other fields such as chemical and nuclear engineering, health and safety, and construction

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

is a trade organization composed of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms across the United States

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

is an organization that is responsible for the overall development of the Internet and the standardization of internetworking technologies

Internet Society (ISOC)

This oversees the overall development on the Internet

Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)

This oversees the activities of IETF and manages the process used to introduce or update Internet standards

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

This serves as the technology advisory group to the Internet Society and is responsible for the overall development of the protocols and architecture associated with the Internet

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

This oversees Internet naming and addressing; they are in charge of all “unique parameters” on the Internet including IP (Internet Protocol) addresses

Organization for Standardization (ISO)

is an international standards organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including many that are relevant to networking

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that specifies a reliable and efficient transfer of electronic mail service on the Internet

Post Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that is designed to allow a workstation to retrieve mail that the server is holding for it

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

is a small and simple alternative to FTP that uses UDP to transfer files between systems

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that enables the sharing of computer programs and/or data between hosts over a TCP/IP network

Network File System (NFS)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that enables computers to mount drives on remote hosts and operate them as if they were local drives

Domain Name System (DNS)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that is used on the Internet for translating names of domains and their publicly advertised network nodes into IP addresses

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that monitors and controls the exchange of management information between networks and network components

Managed devices

collect and store management information and make this information available to NMSs using SNMP

Agent

has local knowledge of management information and translates that information into a form compatible with SNMP

NMS

executes applications that monitor and control managed devices

Terminal Emulation Protocol Network (Telnet)

refers to a TCP/IP protocol that uses the TCP as the transport protocol to establish a connection between server and client

Remote login application (rlogin)

is a UNIX command that allows authorized users to log in to other UNIX machines (hosts) on a network and to interact as if the user were physically at the host computer

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

refers to an application-level protocol service and an Internet standard developed by the IETF that supports the exchange of information on the World Wide Web, as well as on internal networks

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer)

is a secure message-oriented communications protocol designed for use in conjunction with HTTP

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

is a security protocol that works at a socket level

Transport Control Protocol (TCP)

refers to a connection-oriented TCP/IP standard transport layer protocol that provides reliable data delivery, duplicate data suppression, congestion control, and flow control on which many application protocols depend

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

refers to a connectionless TCP/IP standard transport layer protocol that provides unreliable, best-effort service

Port Numbers

Data transmitted over the Internet is accompanied by addressing information that identifies the computer and the port for which it is destined

Computer

is identified by its 32-bit IP address, which it uses IP to deliver data to the specific computer on the network

Ports

are identified by a 16-bit number, which TCP and UDP use to deliver the data to the specific application

Well-known Ports

The port numbers ranging from 0 - 1023 are restricted; they are reserved for use by wellknown services such as HTTP and FTP and other system services

Source Port

identifies the application that sends the segment. This field is 16 bits long

Destination Port

identifies the application that receives the segment. This field is 16 bits long

Sequence Number

refers to every byte of data sent over a TCP connection. The value of this field is equal to the sequence number of the first byte in a sent segment. This field is 32 bits long

Acknowledgment Number

indicates the sequence number of the next segment's first byte that the receiver is expecting to receive. The value of this field is 1 plus the sequence number of the last byte in the previous segment that is successfully received. This field is 32 bits long

Header Length

indicates the length of the TCP header. The unit is 32 bits (4 bytes). If there is no option content, the value of this field is 5, indicating that the header contains 20 bytes

Reserved

this field is always set to 0 as it is intended for future protocol changes. It is 6 bits long.

Control Bits

include FIN, ACK, and SYN flags which indicate the TCP data segments in different states

Window

is used for TCP flow control. The value is the maximum number of bytes that are allowed by the receiver

Checksum

is a mandatory field in which it is calculated and stored by the sender and verified by the receiver

Length

specifies the total length of the UDP header and data. The possible minimum length is 8 bytes because the UDP header already occupies 8 bytes

Checksum

field refers to the checksum of the UDP header and UDP data. This field is 16 bits long

Three-way Handshake

is a method, in which the sender and the receiver inform their respective operating systems that a connection will be initiated before the actual data communication begins Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number

Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number

fields to implement reliable and ordered data transmission

Window Sliding Mechanism

requires the sender to receive an acknowledgment from the receiver after transmitting a certain amount of data

TCP Shutdown (FourWay Handshake)

is engaged when the data transmission is complete in order to disconnect the TCP connection and release system resources