Anatomy Chapter 1 Quiz

Feedback Loops

They are a key mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. There is both Positive and negative.

Examples of feedback loops

Body Temp, blood pH, blood glucose, blood pressure, child birth

Structure and function

are related at all levels of organization. Some examples are tooth shape (used for grinding), thin lung tissue (complements gas diffusion), hollow bladder (store urine), and a muscular heart (pumps blood).

Gradient

Drives many physiological processes. Respiration (pressure gradient), nutrient exchange (concentration gradient), and thermoregulation (temperature gradient)

Cell-Cell Communication

It’s required to coordinate body functions. Examples: nerves signal muscles to contract. Cells need receptors and signals for communication.

Types of neurotransmitters

Dopamine, protons, hormones

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body. Information is gained through observation and dissection.

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body. Information is gained through experimentation.

Why are anatomy and physiology closely interrelated.

The function of a part depends on how it is constructed. Example: the heart - structure: hollow and muscular. Function: pumps blood.

Principle of complementarity

Structure is directly related to function.

Levels of organization

Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Subatomic particles

protons and neutrons

Atoms

SPONCH (Sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen)

Molecules

H2O, CO2, C6H12O6, O2

Macromolecules

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

Organelles

Mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus

Cell

basic unit

Tissue

Epithelia, connecture, muscle, nervous

Organ

Heart, liver, spleen, brain

Organ System

cardiovascular system, Endocrine system, respiratory system

Organism

Human

Movement

change in position, motion

Responsiveness

Sense and react to change

Growth

Increase in body size

Reproduction

Production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration

Obtaining oxygen; removing CO2, releasing energy from food

Digestion

Breakdown of food

Absorption

Passage of substances through membranes and fluids

Circulation

Movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation

changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

How does water help maintain life?

Helps with digestion, produces hydrolysis, polar (dissolves substances), liquid (helps with movement).

How does food help maintain life

Gives energy, growth, and makes the body.

How does oxygen help maintain life?

It gets energy out of our food, and blood distributes energy all over the body.

How does heat help maintain life?

Thermoregulation

How does pressure help maintain life?

It helps us breathe, and gives us hydrostatic pressure that goes throughout the body (blood pressure).

Homeostasis

Internal stability despite external changes. To stay at homeostasis, receptors detect changes and then do feedback loops.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct as needed. Operates through positive and negative feedback loops.

Parts of a feedback loop

Stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors, and response

Stimulus

Change in an organ or tissue that causes a reaction

Receptors

Monitor the environment and detect changes

Control Center

Tells what a particular value should be (set point).

Effectors

Initiate the response that regulates the conditions of the internal environment. Ex: muscles, glands

Response

Returns to a set point/shut off - internal conditions return to normal and feedback loop is shut off

Negative Feedback

Brings the body back to normal, continuous small adjustments, most common.

Negative Feedback examples

Body temp, blood glucose, blood calcium, and blood pressure

Positive Feedback

Away from the set point, adds stimulus, temporary then shut off, and no continuous adjustments.

Positive Feedback examples

Childbirth and blood clotting