antibiotics

what type of bacteria does aminoglycosides treat?

gram-negative

what is the action type of aminoglycosides?

concentration dependent killing

what is the PK of aminoglycosides?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides?

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

what type of bacteria do Cephalosporins treat?

gram-postive and gram-negative

what is the action type of Cephalosporins?

time dependent killing

what is the Pk of Cephalosporins?

moderate Vd, still hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of Cephalosporins?

1. anaphylaxis

2. GI disturbances

what type of bacteria do chloramphenical/florfenicol treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of chloramphenical/florfenicol?

time dependent

what is the PK of chloramphenical/florfenicol?

high PK (lipophilic)

what does it mean if the drug has a high PK?

the drug is lipophilic meaning it will have good oral bioavailability and systemic circulation

what are the adverse effects of chloramphenical/florfenicol?

1. bone marrow depression

2. disturbance of RBC maturation in cats

3. GI disturbances

4. lethargy

what type of bacteria will carbenepenems treat?

gram positive and gram negative bacteria

what is the action type of carbenepenems?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of carbenepenems?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of carbenepenems?

1. GI disturbances

2. CNS toxicity

3. hepatotoxicity

what type of bacteria is nitroimidazoles used to treat?

anaerobes only

what is the action type of nitroimidazoles?

concetration dependent killing

what is the PK of nitroimidazoles?

high PK, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of nitroimidazoles?

1. GI disturbances

2. CNS toxicity

3. hepatoxicity

what type of bacteria is nitrofurans used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative bacteria

what is the action type of nitrofurans?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of nitrofurans?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of nitrofurans?

1. GI disturbances

2. pulmonary hypersensitivities

3. peripheral neuropathies

4. hepatoxicity

what type of bacteria is penicillin used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of penicillin?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of penicillin?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of penicillin?

anaphylaxis

what type of bacteria are polymyxins used to treat?

gram negative only

what is the action type of polymyxins?

concentration dependent killing

what is the PK of of polymyxins?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of polymyxins?

1. nephrotoxicity

2. neurotoxicity

3. neuromuscular blocking effects

what type of bacteria are pleuromultulins used to treat?

gram positive and negative bacteria

what is the action type of pleuromultulins?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of pleuromultulins?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of pleuromultulins?

1. neurotoxicity and death in calves

2. GI disturbances in horses

what bacteria are tetracyclines used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of tetracyclines?

co-dependent killing

what is the PK of tetracyclines?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of tetracyclines?

1. GI disturbances

2. acute cardiotoxicity

3. discoloration of teeth

what bacteria are quinolones used to treat?

gram positive and negative

what is the action type of quinolones?

concentration dependent killing

what is the PK of of quinolones?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effect of quinolones?

cartilage damage in young fast growing animals

what bacteria are fluroquinolones used to treat?

gram positive and negative bacteria

what is the action type of fluroquinolones?

concentration dependent killing

what is the PK of fluroquinolones?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of fluroquinolones?

cartilage damage in young fast growing animals

what bacteria are lincosamides used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of lincosamides?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of lincosamides?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of lincosamides?

1. GI effects

2. inflammation of the esophagus in cats

what bacteria are rifampin used to treat?

gram positive and negative

what is the action type of rifampin?

concentration dependent killing

what is the PK of rifampin?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of rifampin?

GI disturbances

what drug can we not use in food animals?

rifampin

when would the adverse effects of rifampin start to appear?

after administration

what type of bacteria are macroslides used to treat?

gram positive only

what is the action type of macroslides?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of of macroslides?

high Vd

what are the adverse effects of macroslides?

GI disturbances

when will adverse effects of macroslides appear?

after administration

what type of bacteria are sulfonamides used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of sulfonamides?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of sulfonamides?

high Vd, lipophillic

what are the adverse effects of of sulfonamides?

1. urinary disturbances

2. hematopoeitic disorders

3. dermatological reactions

what bacteria are glycopeptides used to treat?

gram positive only

what is the action type of glycopeptides?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of glycopeptides?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of glycopeptides?

1. GI disturbances

2. nephrotoxicity

3. ototoxicity

in what species are glycopeptides fatal in when given IV route?

rabbits

what bacteria are sulfadimethoxines used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of sulfadimethoxines?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of sulfadimethoxines?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of of sulfadimethoxines?

1. GI issues

2. crystalluria

3. keratoconjunctivitis sicca

what bacteria are sulfsalazine used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what type of infections are sulfsalazine used to often treat?

GI infections

what is the action type of sulfsalazine?

time dependent killing

what is the PK of of sulfsalazine?

low Vd, hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of sulfsalazine?

1. GI disturbances

2. hepatoxicity

3. keratoconjunctivitis sicca

what type of bacteria are sulfadiazine used to treat?

gram positive and gram negative

what is the action type of sulfadiazine?

time dependent

what is the PK of sulfadiazine?

moderate Vd, but still hydrophillic

what are the adverse effects of sulfadiazine?

1. GI disturbances

2. hypersensitivity

3. crystalluria

why will drugs that are more hydrophilic not pass the cell membrane?

the drug will be more ionized

MIC

minimal inhibitory concentration

what do we mean when we say post-antibiotic effect?

persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited exposure to an antibiotic

what does a moderate Vd mean?

the drug distributes really well over extracellular fluid but will not go past the cell membrane

what type of drug will "free float in extracellular fluid" because of their Vd?

cephalosporins

what does it mean if we give an antibiotic with a small Vd orally?

the drug will remain in the GI tract to kill bacteria in GI tract; it will not go into systemic circulation

what categories do we apply during antibiotic decision making?

1. cost

2. microorganism

3. pharmacodynamic indices

4. pharmacokinetics

5. risks to owner and animals

6. principles of treatment

what does "principles of treatment" mean in antibiotic decision making?

are we giving the right dose of the right drug to the right patient

what is the best approach to antibiotic decision making?

1. spectrum

2. PK/PD

3. adverse reactions

4. compliance

5. environmental

6. diagnostics

what does AUC/MIC determine?

determines dose and length of administration for a drug

what influences the rate of distribution of the drug?

vascularity of tissue

what is includes in the V1 central compartment of drug administration?

blood and plasma

what is the route of drug administration in a PK/PD model?

1. drug is administered

2. drug will travel to central compartment

3. drug will either travel to V2 compartment or Ve effect site

what are the two different V2 compartments?

1. rapidly equilibrating compartment

2. slowly equilibrating compartment