4/1/2025 animal health dairy cattle health mastitis

mammary glands

tubular,

alveolu

basic unit of milk synthesis, able to pass these milk to lum

breast

mammary gland typicall used to donate the

milk secretion

syntheses of milk by mammary epithial cells and pasage of milk from the eptithela lc cells to the alveolar lumen

milk ejection

release that newly

mammary gland -specialized glandular tissue, produce and transport milk

lob

lobe- combo of lobule - within lobule, l

lining of epthial cells, able to get all the nutrients from lbood velssels, so they can syntheseize milk,

cisternal ringfold - what seprates from the gland i

mammary gland anatomy and physiology

seperatingon between artial and venous

teat cistern

lined with doulbe layer of epithilum, epital supficiall epthial cells are more columnar than cuboidal

there as a bout 10-50 beign dopsoit ed to ml milk11

recruits immmune cells for protection-furstenberg roset

keratins protect and produce enough keratins that htey can seal the teat canal to some extent

keratins- hair, nails, hooves, in the case of hooves for instance, the aysytes produce enough kerateens that they filll out the whole cell until they die

What is the major goal of mammary immune
defense?

To prevent bacterial invasion of the mammary gland, eliminate
existing infections, and restore mammary tissue to normal
function

epithial barirs- first line of definse

then

different ways to dendritic citis

mastitius- otherwise known as mammary inflation

mastitis in dairy cows

most signivicant deterrent to dairy profitability

milk reduction

losses of 2 billion dollars annually

treatment, discard

reduced production is about 66 percent in loseses due to mastitis

type of mastitis=

subclincical-

mastitis=

some protocals do a cmt to confirm

subacute- can already see some abddomralties in udder and secretion

once you have an acuteness of mastitis= usdden ofset, redding, swelling, hardness, pain,

chronic mastitis= udder infection if the form of long duration, usuallly wa

nonbacterial mastitis=

can create clogs or spaces iose labulues where they can remain still present adn detectve d b

cows that seems to be clean and shows up afterwards- chronic mastitis

mastiitis- resevoir for bacteria and your farm,

two types fi thtey are contages pathogens you have a risk in your farm

nonbacterial mastiitis= theres infmaltion but without isolatio of microogramisms, can also be a chemcial

Mastitis= clinicial forms

Mastitis progression

-cerversion of typie of milk you get once cow is affectied,

second one to left is highest bacteria

more bacteria then immue system will kick

because it reduces bateria, used to kill bacteria, exposed to many bateria witll jsut burst those immune cells and wahtever cointetn inside can b edamaged

the more water is becuas ethe milk components will go down as mastities continues, so replaced with more fluids, and response to this mastities is the peitpila cells that cover

will open up more transportation between

increase in tightjunctions

symtpoms in those will be reduced

mmostly bacteria is the one that causes mastitis but other types of microbrgasm

a virus can be a facter for mastitis, still need to learn mroe about it

common bacteria- staphylocci, streptococci, and several gram-

envr9ionment bacteria- common present in the cows environment and may reach the teat end of the source

contages bacteria

in terms of enviornmental in terms of being careful with micro protocals

laying- where the cows spend their time

see people at farms where the dividiers in the stalls had to have correct size because if their not correct for your cows, diagnal cow, meaning it can poop in stall and lay down there and another cow gets into it

develpment of mastitis=

first we have micorgarsms that have to breatch the teat duct, can happen durring and after milking, that can happen

so the thing is once they conlize the teat duckt they try to multiply and a

once there is a few oragsims there and te animal is being milk the screane and release can turn down them

the ones taht are in a gland cistern adhose bacteria will try to adhear to the l;ajsdfk

that in itself is a show areia of research, certain area of umployed

different from gut, so raw intestine that industrial tract wotul be different

bacteria will produce toxins and other irritants that causse swelling and death of epithelial cells that otherwise they will consider it a biological signal

allow the translocation of electlighte outise

other types ehtat actually injeuct material

these genetic material will be incormporated into getic cell

as these epthical cells are dying, they themselves are going to produce another stimulars, pam (messenger)

increasing blood vessel permeability

what these gaps in epithal space going to open up one of the signaslis is from dioxice,

epitheilium, cause more gaps

reason for this is for immune cells

immune cell inheritants

this parrt is also called by a cell coming from those cells that are dying

increase immune cell adherence and attract blood immune cells

glove to attach the immune sight, able to recognize taht sige

has another name

start rulling along epthial cells before stopping and s

Tissue response to Mastitis

presence of bacteria, toxins, and leukocytes in the affected tissue area may cause epithelial cells to revert ot a resting state (involution)

Alveoli shrink in size and no longer produce milk

increase in pressure- oince create, thats a single for the epthial cells, for instanc ewhen they are normal-not infected, they wil start producign milk, at some ponti taken to the lumen, and then symbothizing pressure they knoew they have to stop proudcing milk

bateria can clot in regular milk ducts

these epthital , all will die

some fo these epthial cells are going to replaced by fiberblast

so anytime you have a scar tissue that’s a fiberless, thats going to be non-blocked 5like duct tape to einsure that is confused

gram positive= the different cell was when they take out different

wwho protocal for obstaining that, crystal violet that wuld

those gram-positive have a different type of cell protien/lyki

gram negative bacteria

you want to know if you have a contages bacteria like staphylococus, very easy how we can cotnrol or help the infection

pretty common for us to talk about it like polycyocrarids, like lps, so turns out if you culture dcells adn your cell will think it is a bacteria theree

so you don’t kneed to put whole patch in theere bacteria

some peopke straight up injected gram negative people in animal

so much that we add one amount, cand can tell in those coses

udder size and thermal pictures=

one of the main distincts is that we consider staphholocos as contaged bateria , but not streptococci

Pathogen adhesion

we spend a lot of time talking about this, in diff forms snot just how jasdlk;jfk at

sometimes they wanna attach sometimes get inside and be a doormean typie interaction, but still get stuff to reproduce

bateria adhesion and attachment is the process of a pathogent ot a tisssue cell

they have a yeast that can produce large amoutns of sugars, manos, purify that , put it ina proeduction bive it to animal

pathogen would think that there was a ot of apehtial cells

attach to hdyroten oging around lumen

glutination the abteria things its atacheing towards bacteria cells

slowlsy start makeing these clumps, not be able to match to ephtilalum tract

they could be ways to utilize this information so if you have some essays that you can evaluate in fecies of animals, can evaluate this type of sugar residues or even these other atttachment sot cell membrnae

this animal has higher abbundance of sugar termanal , have to have

adhesions - located on the bacteria surface or part of bacteria appendages, such as pilli or fimbriae

gram negative helps the phadfjds attache to ethieral cell and asdfs;df

lps

in the case of gram paotive bactera membrane lioteichlic acid

pathogen adhesion-

pilli- suposed to be longer than gimbria , pillie would help with bite for inflation, because afiba

reversibable adhesion= whent eh pathogens are just kinda looking around where they can estableish, as if they can sample the environment

irreveseible adhesion- in this committed phase, bacteria from storng

these biofilm

immune system- interacting networks of organs,cells and molecues that defend the body aginst infection whilst protecting the body’s own cells .these interacte networks are clusterned into innnate and adaptive immune systems

innate immune system-first line of defens,e laso includ the skin and mucous membranes, as jwell as molicues that recongize features of pathogens, so one of those typime fo immine sytstem mostly rreached in dairy cows

addaptive immune stystme- aka the acquired immune system, is the part of the immune system that develops memory after exposure to a pathogen, leading to an enchanced response upon subsequent explosures, this system is hgighly speicif and relies on specilaezed white blood cells of t and b

adaptive immune system- highly specific and rlies on specialized white blood cellls known as t cells and b cells

PAMPS Pathogen-assoicated molecure patters- small molues elisc a response

adaptive immunes sytem itself can be activate dand dfl;adskjf its immunolgic memory

innate and adaptive immune stystems= can be many proteins and polysachariteis, can be to illiscent a immune rpesonse ,differenc eof htese is to lps, they just recongize lps and asdk

but in the case of that immuen styemstm they will be able to recogize specific button cuasing infection

innate and adaptive immune systems

phsycial barriers→innate immunity→adaptive immuninity

Innate and adaptive immune systems

phagocytosis- cellular processs in whcih specialsed cells, like macrophages and neutrophills, enough solid particules, apthogens or cellular debries

some ways this can be benical,

burst out in a way to last final way to kill bacteria, like a tract,

getting clumpted up with these digestive

main diff betwee microphills and macrophages

liver, mammery gland, changes phsiclolgy and become native to that tissue, main purpose for them is to be the rist one to reconize that there is a pathogen

they are no longer macrophages they are in liver become caucophages final tissue are suppose to be suvielence

pretty much on blood all the type protiens in blood stream , l selectivign, always kinda detecting in blood vessel, previous celll inside of that cells,

find an attachment of that empthilal cells

what happened is that l selecting,that is why there is another reason why the mimmune system isn’t as active ofr