Organic Chem Exam 2

Hydrocarbon

Molecules made of just carbon and hydrogen

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Only have single bonds, will have max amount of hydrogen atoms possible for the number of carbons

Ex. C3H8

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons that have double and triple bonds

Functional Groups

Atoms/groups of atoms that have distinct, predictive chemical behavior, these tend to be where reactions are located

Ketone

Double bonded oxygen to a carbon

Alkane

Saturated hydrocarbon

Single bonds

Alkyl group

Alkane fragments that are attached to a larger chain

Alkene

Double bond between two of the carbon atoms

Common structural unit that could cause havoc because geometry can create isomers

Double bonds can’t rotate

Cis (same on top)

Trans (different on top)

E/Z allows to differentiate between 3 or 4 non-carbon groups

Alkyne

Carbon carbon triple bond

Cyclic hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that form rings

Aromatic Cyclic System

Flat, cyclic system

Conjugated across the entire ring

3+ overlapping orbitals, typically p orbitals not used to make hybrids

Huckle Rule: 4n+2 = electrons in the conjugated system

N has to equal 0 or any positive whole number

Heteroatoms

Atoms that aren’t carbon or hydrogen

Halides

Generic term for group 17 elements

Single bond to carbon

Ex. Iodocyclohexane or fluoromethane

Alcohol

-OH group

Could also be called hydroxy group

Ex. Methanol or methyl alcohol

Thiols

Alcohols with sulfur instead of oxygen

Ex: methyl thiol

Primary

Carbon attached to functional group is attached to one other carbon

Secondary

Carbon attached to functional group is attached to two other carbon groups

Tertiary

Carbon attached to functional group is attached to three other carbons

Ethers

Oxygen between 2 carbons

Sulfides

Sulfur analog to ethers

Amines

Nitrogen atoms w/single bonds to hydrogen to carbon groups. No formal charge

All hydrogen: Ammonia

Carbonyls

Double bonded to Oxygen

If 1 or both of “X” are Hydrogen, they are called aldehydes

If both of “X” are Carbon, they are called ketones

Ketones can appear in rings, aldehydes can not

Carboxylic Acid

Thioesters

Ester where single bonded oxygen is a sulfur

Acid Anhydrides

Acid Chlorides

Esters

Acyl Phosphate

Nitriles (aka cyano groups)

Imines

Nitrogen analog of carbonyl

If R1 and/or R2 are hydrogen, called aldimines

If R1 and R2 are carbon, called ketamines

R3 does not effect name

Phosphate ester

Amide

Meth-

1 carbon

Eth-

2 carbon

Prop-

3 carbon

Pent-

5 carbon

Hexa-

6 carbon

Tert butyl

Isopropyl

Sec-butyl

halogen inclusion

Type of functional group but are considered equilvent priority in naming

If halogens appear, they still get the same style location number

Fluro group

Chloro group

Bromo group

Iodo group