BIO 220: Lecture Exam #1

Covers Chapters 1

microbiology

specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

microbes/microorganisms

minute living things that are individually usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, algae (microscopic), multicellular parasites

List the LIVING microbes

viruses, prions

List the NONLIVING microbes/infectious agents

bacteriology

study of bacteria, growth, pathogenesis, and treatments

mycology

study of fungi and molds including medical, agricultural, and ecological

parasitology

study of protozoan and parasites; some are medically important and can cause diseases

virology

study of viruses, infection, disease, and makeup

microbial ecology

study of the relationship between microbes and their environment

immunology

study of the immune system and how it responds to disease and infection

molecular biology

study of the genes of microorganisms and the manipulation of these genes, including genetic engineering

genomics

study of the complete DNA (genome) of bacteria; focuses on all genes and their functions; a newer field of research

ancestors of bacteria

What were the first life on earth?

prokaryotes; 3.5 billion

The oldest known fossils are the remains of what? They lived more than how many years ago?

1.4 billion

Eukaryotic cells evolved about how many years ago?

Robert Hooke

Who built the first compound microscope?

“little boxes” or “cells”

Robert Hooke observed slices of cork, in which he discovered individual what?

cell theory - all living things are composed of cells

Robert Hooke’s discovery of cells marked the beginning of the what? Provide the name and definition.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Who was the first person to observe living microbes?

animalcules

What term did Anton van Leeuwenhoek use to describe the living microbes he saw?

rainwater, his own feces, and teeth scrapings

From what sources did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe the microbes he observed?

debate over the origin of living things

What was the debate over spontaneous generation about?

idea that life could spontaneously arise of nonliving matter

What is the idea of spontaneous generation?

spontaneous generation

What did many scientists and religious authorities believe before the 1860s?

mice came from rags; maggots from rotting meat; ants from honey; microbes from spoiled broth

What were some examples people used to support spontaneous generation?

the idea that maggots spontaneously appeared from decaying meat

What did Francesco Redi try to disprove?

Maggots came from fly larvae, not from the meat itself

What did Francesco Redi’s experiment show?

Rudolf Virchow

Who developed the biogenesis theory?

biogenesis theory

cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

made a major contribution to modern cell theory

What was Rudolf Virchow’s major contribution to science?

Theodor Schwann; declared that all animals are made of cells

Whose work did Rudolf Virchow build on? What did that man declare?

detailed that cells reproduce or divide to create new cells

What did Rudolf Virchow explain about cells?

Louis Pasteur

What French microbiologist disproved spontaneous generation?

microbes are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not create microbes

What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate about microbes and air?

microbial contamination; aseptic techniques

What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate how to prevent, and what important practice did this lead to?

1857-1914

When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Which scientists’ work marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Microbiology?

relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

What major discoveries were made during the Golden Age of Microbiology?

it led to the establishment of microbiology as a true science; it’s about 200 years old

How did the Golden Age of Microbiology impact the field of science? How old is this field?

around 320 BC

When can A&P be traced back to?

Edward Jenner

Who developed the first vaccination?

He observed that cowpox made an 8 year old boy resistant to smallpox.

How did Edward Jenner discover the concept of vaccination?

Louis Pasteur

Who continued Edward Jenner’s work on vaccination in 1880?

Louis Pasteur coined the term in honor of Edward Jenner’s work.

Who coined the term “vaccination,” and why?

Latin word vacca, meaning “cow”

What is the origin of the word “vaccination”?

fermentation is the conversion of sugars into alcohol

What scientific discovery did Louis Pasteur make regarding fermentation?

yeasts

What organism did Louis Pasteur find responsible for fermentation?

bacteria causes souring and spoilage

What did Louis Pasteur discover about bacteria in relation to food spoilage?

pasteurization

the use of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microbes or pathogens

aseptic surgery

What medical practice is Joseph Lister known for pioneering?

He sterilized instruments and treated surgical wounds.

How did Joseph Lister help reduce infections during surgery?

It was one of the earliest attempts to control microbial infections.

Why is Joseph Lister’s work considered significant in microbiology and medicine?

The Lister Institute of Preventative Medicine

What institution was named in honor of Joseph Lister’s contributions to medicine?

Robert Koch

Who was the first to prove that bacteria cause disease?

germ theory of disease

What theory did Robert Koch help establish?

series of steps called Koch’s postulates

What did Robert Koch develop to link a specific microbe to a specific disease?

etiology - the study of what causes disease

What was the main focus of Robert Koch’s work? Provide the term and definition.

simple staining

What staining method did Robert Koch develop?

He took the first photomicrograph of bacteria and bacteria in diseased tissue

What important photography milestone is Robert Koch known for in microbiology?

CFU/ml technique

How did Robert Koch estimate the number of bacteria in a sample?

steam

What method did Robert Koch use to sterilize growth media?

petri dish

What common laboratory item did Robert Koch help introduce?

transfer techniques

How did Robert Koch learn to safely move bacteria from one place to another?

showed that bacteria are distinct species

How did Koch help define bacteria scientifically?

Ferdinand Cohn

Who was the first to discover endospores?

endospores

dormant, resistant structures (protective shells) formed by some bacteria

bacillus and some other genera

Which bacteria can form endospores?

when the environment becomes harmful to the vegetative (active) state

When do bacteria form endospores?

Alexander Fleming

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

by accident; fungus/mold (Penicillium chrysogenum or P. rubens) killed bacteria on a petri dish

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin, and what caused it?

penicillin; it killed Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

What antibiotic did Alexander Fleming’s mold produce, and which bacteria did it kill?

Fleming was a bacteriologist, not a mycologist

Why was the mold considered a contaminant in Alexander Fleming’s lab?

DNA is the hereditary material

What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discover?

a model for DNA structure and replication

What did Watson and Crick propose?

developed genetic engineering

What did Berg, Boyer, and Cohen do?

prions (protein-based infectious particles)

What did Stanley B. Prusiner discover?

Mad cow disease (neurological)

What disease is linked to prions?

SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

What disease appeared in 2003?

identify and study microbes in healthy and diseased humans

What was the goal of the 2008 Human Microbiome Project?

almost everywhere

Where are microorganisms found?

help maintain balance of living organisms and chemicals

What do most microbes do for the environment?

some are the base of food chains

How do microbes support food chains?

break down wastes (decomposers)

What do soil microbes do?

photosynthesis

What role do some microbes play in energy production?

aid digestion and make some vitamins

How do microbes help animals and humans?

synthesis of chemical products and in the food industry.

What are some commercial applications of microbes?

acetone, organic acids, enzymes, and alcohols

What kinds of chemical products can microbes help synthesize?

Gluconacetobacter xylinus

Which microbe can produce cotton and polyester-like materials?

makes tiny cellulose microfibrils, pushes them out of its cell wall, and the fibers twist together into ribbons

How does Gluconacetobacter xylinus produce fibrous ribbons?

vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy sauce, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, and bread

What food products are made using microbes?

convert elements into usable forms for plants and animals

How do microbes help recycle vital elements?

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus

What elements do microbes help recycle?

bioremediation

using microbes to remove environmental pollutants

break down clogs in drains without harmful chemicals

How are bacterial enzymes used in cleaning?

used instead of chemicals to kill pests

How do microbes help control insect pests?

They produce proteins that are toxic to some insects.

What makes bacterial products effective against insects?

biotechnology

using microbes, cells, or cell parts in industry to make useful products

recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)

changing or working with genetic material in a lab

gene therapy

inserting a missing or fixed gene into human cells

a harmless virus carries the gene into the body, where it inserts into the right chromosome

How can gene therapy be done?