Chapter 10 - Childhood Development

Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Chapter 10 Multiple-Choice Questions

1. According to Freud's view, what is the developmental task of children in middle childhood?

A) to expand their sexual-role identities

B) to develop friendships and social skills

C) to develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally defined learning goals

D) to re-negotiate relationships and attachment bonds with parents

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B) to develop friendships and social skills

2. Avery is a 12-year-old female. She spends most of her social time hanging out with girls her own age. Freud would say Avery is at which stage of her psychosexual development?

A) oral

B) anal

C) latency

D) phallic

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C) latency

3. According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of children in middle childhood is

A) latency versus sexual development.

B) basic trust versus mistrust.

C) industry versus inferiority.

D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

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C) industry versus inferiority.

4. According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood in the forum of

A) school.

B) relationships with parents and siblings.

C) friendships with others.

D) the neighbourhood or community.

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A) school.

5. Considering the Big Five personality traits, a child who is extroverted has which of the following qualities?

A) is affectionate and forgiving

B) is artistic and curious

C) is efficient and organized

D) is active and assertive

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D) is active and assertive

6. Ten-year-old Amandeep is described by her family and friends as affectionate, trusting, kind, and sympathetic. Amandeep most likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

A) openness.

B) extraversion.

C) agreeableness.

D) conscientiousness.

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C) agreeableness.

7. Eleven-year-old Robert is described by his family and friends as anxious, tense, and self-pitying. Robert likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

A) neuroticism.

B) extraversion.

C) introversion.

D) conscientiousness.

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A) neuroticism.

8. A 12-year-old's self-concept is more likely to ______compared to that of a 6-year-old child's.

A) be simple

B) focus on surface characteristics

C) include psychological factors

D) be concrete

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C) include psychological factors

9. Albert Bandura included these three factors in his reciprocal model of interactive components that shape development.

A) environment, behaviour, and personal factors

B) genetics, environment, and behaviour

C) social relationships, behaviour, and genetics

D) personal factors, social behaviour, and environment

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A) environment, behaviour, and personal factors

10. A 6-year-old's description of another person, in comparison to a 10-year-old's description, would

A) include primarily internal, abstract characteristics.

B) be more truthful.

C) be focused on external, concrete features.

D) be less kind.

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C) be focused on external, concrete features.

11. The child who says, "My friend is very smart and he is more helpful than I am" is most likely _______ than the child who describes his best friend by saying, "My friend has a fast bike."

A) smarter

B) more observant

C) more socially adaptive

D) older

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D) older

12. Which of the following children's statements illustrates the use of a psychological construct in describing an individual?

A) "She lives in a really nice house."

B) "She won't help anyone, and she is very selfish."

C) "Her bike is newer than anyone's."

D) "He has brown hair."

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B) "She won't help anyone, and she is very selfish."

13. Social-learning theorist Albert Bandura would say that children learn moral behaviour from

A) internalizing moral standards.

B) discipline.

C) observing others.

D) appropriately administered reinforcements and punishments.

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C) observing others.

14. Children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are, is termed

A) intrapersonal perception.

B) self-esteem.

C) self-construct.

D) introspective assessment.

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B) self-esteem.

15. A global evaluation of one's own worth is known as

A) self-perception.

B) self-esteem.

C) self-concept.

D) self-evaluation.

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B) self-esteem.

16. Differences in esteem are derived from

A) one's experience with success or failure.

B) the value attached to some skill/quality by peers or family.

C) the labels and judgments that come from others.

D) all of the above

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Skill: Comprehension

D) all of the above

17. Researchers have determined that there are several key influences upon a child's self-esteem. Two important influences are the overall sense of support the child feels she receives from important people and

A) the feedback she receives from teachers.

B) her socioeconomic status.

C) her appearance relative to her peers.

D) the degree of discrepancy she perceives between what she wishes to achieve and what she actually has achieved.

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D) the degree of discrepancy she perceives between what she wishes to achieve and what she actually has achieved.

18. Self-esteem is influenced by the

A) discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is.

B) sum total of the assessments the child makes about her skills.

C) addition of all of the positive assessments minus the negative ones.

D) relationship between the child's physical abilities and the cultural expectations of her.

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A) discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is.

19. Which of the following factors is least likely to influence a child's self-esteem?

A) knowing about other children's feelings of self-esteem

B) the labels and judgments of others regarding the child's attributes and abilities

C) whether peers and parents value or feel positively about specific skills, attributes, or characteristics

D) the child's own direct experiences with successes or failures in various aspects of her life

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A) knowing about other children's feelings of self-esteem

20. Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem?

A) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.

B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.

C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents value athleticism.

D) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.

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Skill: Analysis

B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.

21. New research suggests that by the time children reach age 5, children already possess

A) global self-evaluation

B) intuition of emotions

C) personal comparison traits

D) self-care

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A) global self-evaluation

22. The degree to which this child's social self-assessment affects his/her self-esteem is influenced by how much she values social

A) concepts.

B) interactions.

C) community.

D) skills and popularity.

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D) skills and popularity.

23. A(n) ______school setting is a setting where teachers and children learn together, share in decision-making, and demonstrate respect and trust for one another.

A) instructional

B) community

C) inclusive

D) relational

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D) relational

24. Spiritual education that preadolescents are exposed to commonly focuses on

A) truisms and facts.

B) judgments and moral behaviour.

C) intuition and emotions.

D) guilt and punishment.

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A) truisms and facts.

25. All of the following are educational strategies that may promote the development of spirituality in preadolescent children EXCEPT

A) visualization.

B) art therapy.

C) hypnosis.

D) meditation.

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C) hypnosis.

26. Kristin describes her friend as kind, loyal, and the smartest student in their class. Based on this description, what age group does Kristin likely belong to?

A) preschool

B) early childhood

C) preadolescent

D) adolescent

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D) preadolescent

27. A 6-year-old describing someone as tall, and with brown hair and a red shirt is an example of the typical 6-year-old's focus on

A) inner qualities or traits.

B) dimension (size, colour, etc.) traits.

C) external traits.

D) personal comparison traits.

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C) external traits.

28. Any statement that involves an aspect of some internal personality characteristic or trait is called a

A) trait dimension.

B) psychological construct.

C) behavioural comparator.

D) personality type.

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B) psychological construct.

29. According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage.

A) moral realism

B) moral relativism

C) ego ideal

D) post-conventional

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B) moral realism

30. According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage.

A) pre-conventional

B) moral realism

C) moral relativism

D) ego ideal

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C) moral relativism

31. The stage of moral development when children figure out that you cannot get punished unless you get caught is

A) moral realism.

B) moral relativism.

C) moral indignity.

D) moral reality.

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B) moral relativism.

32. As children successively learn and grow through the school age years, they become

A) more independent.

B) less stable.

C) more dependent.

D) less family oriented.

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A) more independent.

33. As relationships mature, 6- to 12-year-olds

A) continue to need attachment to parents.

B) ignore siblings.

C) tease friends.

D) berate others.

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A) continue to need attachment to parents.

34. Which of the following is NOT something parents can do to help their 6- to 12-year-old move toward more mature levels?

A) say please and thank you

B) play age appropriate games

C) Give meaningful chores

D) punish him or her for being bad

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D) punish him or her for being bad

35. Of the following statements, which is an accurate description of the nature of a child's relationship with her parents during middle childhood?

A) School-aged children no longer need parents as a safe base for support.

B) In non-Western societies, the middle childhood years are when children are launched into independence.

C) The quality of a child's attachment relationship with parents is related to the child's ability to maintain friendships with peers.

D) Parental supervision increases due to concerns about peer influences.

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C) The quality of a child's attachment relationship with parents is related to the child's ability to maintain friendships with peers.

36. Research supports the concept that children who are older than 8 years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behaviour of others.

A) the amount of damages caused

B) the reactions of parents

C) intentions

D) consequences

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C) intentions

37. Which of the following is not a parenting variable that is related to children's development of the capacity for self-regulation?

A) the degree of self-regulation expected by the parents

B) authoritative parenting

C) the parents' own ability to self-regulate

D) the parents' ages

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D) the parents' ages

38. A child's ability to conform to parental standards of behaviour without direct supervision is

A) moral reality.

B) rival reality.

C) self-regulation.

D) inner turmoil.

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C) self-regulation.

39. Recent research has indicated that mothers of socially withdrawn children are ________, while mothers of aggressive children are ________.

A) authoritative; authoritarian

B) overprotective; cold

C) overcontrolling; undercontrolling

D) undercontrolling; overcontrolling

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D) undercontrolling; overcontrolling

40. The biggest shift in relationships during middle childhood is

A) to gender-integrated friendships.

B) the weakening of the attachment to parents.

C) from extensive to intensive social relationships.

D) the increasing centrality of the peer group.

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D) the increasing centrality of the peer group.

41. If you ask a child, "Why is Tom your friend?" the child who responds, "Because he lets me play with his truck," most likely

A) is a preschooler.

B) uses psychological constructs to describe his friends.

C) is in the late years of middle childhood.

D) is at the reciprocal trust stage of friendship.

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A) is a preschooler.

42. During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children's friendships becomes

A) complementary abilities.

B) similar social and cultural backgrounds.

C) having a good time together.

D) reciprocal trust.

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D) reciprocal trust.

43. Which of the following is characteristic of peer group interactions during the elementary school years?

A) having a variety of friends that includes both boys and girls

B) a lack of shared interests and activities

C) the development of social skills useful for interactions with both girls and boys

D) gender segregation

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D) gender segregation

44. In a typical "boundary violation" between children's play groups in middle childhood,

A) best-friend pairs terminate their friendship bonds and re-form into new groups of friends.

B) a child will be accepted into a play and friendship group of children of the other gender for an extended period of time.

C) a girl will exit her friendship group as a result of a quarrel or hurt feelings.

D) a brief interaction, such as a "chasing game," will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the other gender-segregated group.

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D) a brief interaction, such as a "chasing game," will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the other gender-segregated group.

45. Choose the correct description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships.

A) Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school.

B) Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.

C) Boys' friendship groups are smaller than girls' friendship groups.

D) Girls' friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys' friendship groups.

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B) Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.

46. Compared to popular or rejected children, neglected children are more likely to be

A) disruptive.

B) depressed and lonely.

C) more intelligent.

D) aggressive.

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B) depressed and lonely.

47. Of the following, which is NOT an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys?

A) "Try to stop me."

B) "I can help."

C) "Shut up!"

D) "You can't do it."

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B) "I can help."

48. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression?

A) Ling yelled at her older sister, "Get up! I'm supposed to sit next to Daddy!"

B) Jonathan reached across the aisle and gave Iman's pigtail a hard tug.

C) Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharma any more. She's fat!"

D) Ati lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the treehouse, and they immediately began to chase her down the street.

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C) Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharma any more. She's fat!"

49. Psychologists use the term ________ to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their peers.

A) "neglected"

B) "rejected"

C) "repudiated"

D) "expelled"

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B) "rejected"

50. The most important element in a child's acceptance by her peers is

A) her socioeconomic status.

B) her physical appearance.

C) her social behaviour.

D) her intelligence.

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C) her social behaviour.

51. Self-care has the most negative effects for children in _______________________

A) neighbourhoods with low crime rates.

B) affluent areas.

C) after-school programs.

D) neighbourhoods with high crime rates.

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D) neighbourhoods with high crime rates.

52. Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express themselves by using the form of aggression known as

A) relational aggression.

B) verbal hostility.

C) covert hostility.

D) parallel aggression.

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A) relational aggression.

53. A child who rolls her eyes in disgust when another child speaks or gossips to hurt another person's reputation is using

A) relational aggression.

B) inductive persuasion.

C) person imperception.

D) instrumental aggression.

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A) relational aggression.

54. The pattern of aggression that is aimed at damaging another's self-esteem and ostracizing through cruel gossiping is known as

A) relational aggression.

B) retaliatory aggression.

C) rejected aggression.

D) neglected aggression.

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A) relational aggression.

55. A child who does something to get back at or pay back someone who had hurt him would be using

A) hostile aggression.

B) relational aggression.

C) instrumental aggression.

D) retaliatory aggression.

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D) retaliatory aggression.

56. Of the following forms of aggression, which is most likely to be approved of and viewed as a sign of social competence by children over 8 years old?

A) verbal aggression

B) retaliatory aggression

C) physical aggression

D) relational aggression

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B) retaliatory aggression

57. Of the following forms of aggression, which increases across the middle childhood years?

A) verbal aggression

B) relational aggression

C) retaliatory aggression

D) all of the above

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D) all of the above

58. An individual child's classification as being popular, rejected, or neglected refers to

A) social status.

B) socioeconomic status.

C) global status.

D) schoolyard status.

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A) social status.

59. Boys' friendship groups

A) tend to be larger.

B) tend to roam around the neighbourhood.

C) focus on competition and dominance.

D) are all of the above.

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D) are all of the above.

60. Of the following, which is NOT an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood?

A) At every age, boys show more physical aggression and assertiveness than girls do.

B) Girls are more likely than boys to use relational aggression toward their peers.

C) Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.

D) School-age boys often express their approval for the aggressive behaviour of peers.

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C) Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.

61. Which one of the following does research indicate is NOT true?

A) Aggressive boys tend to have other aggressive boys as friends.

B) Retaliatory aggression is seen as the most acceptable by children in middle childhood.

C) Children have more positive attitudes towards aggressive peers who also display prosocial behaviour.

D) Aggressive girls are accepted by their peers if they are also good at sports.

Difficulty: 1

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D) Aggressive girls are accepted by their peers if they are also good at sports.

62. Which of the following children would be most likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood?

A) Abraham, who is very shy

B) Juan, who loves to write and perform various types of music

C) Elizabeth, who is very smart and every teacher's favourite student

D) Shah Rukh, who is taller than his peers and very handsome

Difficulty: 3

QuestionID: 10-1-62

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Skill: Analysis

A) Abraham, who is very shy

63. Children who are at home by themselves after school for an hour or more each day are referred to as

A) self-taught children.

B) after school children.

C) self-care children.

D) self-regulated children.

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C) self-care children.

64. Children who are at homes by themselves after school an hour or more each day tend to

A) be poorly adjusted.

B) be less socially skilled.

C) have more behavioural problems.

D) all of the above

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D) all of the above

65. When all relevant factors are considered, what is the factor that most strongly influences how self-care affects a child?

A) parental monitoring

B) the parents' reason for leaving the child in self-care

C) the child's level of independence and maturity

D) the child's IQ

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A) parental monitoring

66. The major reason that children under 9 should not be in self-care is

A) they won't do their homework.

B) they will have poor attachment with their parents.

C) they can't be trusted.

D) they can't evaluate risk or deal with emergencies.

Difficulty: 2

QuestionID: 10-1-66

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Skill: Comprehension

D) they can't evaluate risk or deal with emergencies.

67. Since 1990, the amount of time that Canadian children aged 2 to 11 spend watching TV has

A) increased to 19.2 hours per week.

B) dropped to 14 hours per week.

C) stayed the same.

D) increased to 21.7 hours per week.

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B) dropped to 14 hours per week.

68. Heavy TV viewing tends to

A) be associated with lower academic scores.

B) cause an increase in violence.

C) lead to desensitization.

D) all of the above

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D) all of the above

69. Television programs that are designed to be educational or to teach children moral values

A) have not been found to have positive effects.

B) do not influence children's ability to learn new material that is unrelated to their previous experience.

C) may help children develop larger vocabularies or demonstrate more kind and helpful behaviour.

D) benefit only children who do not have positive influences or models in their environment.

Difficulty: 2

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C) may help children develop larger vocabularies or demonstrate more kind and helpful behaviour.

70. Among elementary and high school students, heavy television viewing is associated with

A) increased passivity and compliance.

B) higher vocabulary and rhetorical skills.

C) lower IQ scores.

D) lower scores on basic tests of reading, writing, and arithmetic.

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D) lower scores on basic tests of reading, writing, and arithmetic.

71. Repeated viewing of TV violence results in a reduction of

A) prosocial behaviour.

B) antisocial behaviour.

C) emotional distress.

D) inattention.

Difficulty: 1

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A) prosocial behaviour.

Chapter 10 True-False Questions

1. According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of middle childhood is to develop industry, which is the willingness to work to achieve goals.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-01

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A) True

2. Across middle childhood, children's descriptions of others focus less on abstract characteristics and more on specific, concrete characteristics.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-02

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Skill: Comprehension

B) False

3. During the stage of industry versus inferiority, if children fail to read and write, they will enter adolescence with feelings of inferiority.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-03

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A) True

4. Freud believed that children between age 6 and puberty were faced with the challenge of forming emotional bonds with peers.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-04

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A) True

5. By age eight, a child will take into account the intentions of another person when the child is making a moral judgment about the other person's behaviour or actions.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 2

QuestionID: 10-2-05

Page-Reference: 277

Skill: Comprehension

A) True

6. Freud claimed that children concentrate on developing friendships and social skills during the latency stage.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 2

QuestionID: 10-2-06

Page-Reference: 268

Skill: Analysis

A) True

7. During play, a child protests, "Those are the rules!" when confronted with others who want to change the rules. This is an example of moral relativism.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-07

Page-Reference: 277

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

8. Researchers have found that parents may hold girls accountable to a higher standard of self-regulatory behaviour than they hold boys to.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 2

QuestionID: 10-2-08

Page-Reference: 279

Skill: Comprehension

A) True

9. Children describe their own personalities with increasing degrees of precision across the middle childhood years.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-09

Page-Reference: 271

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

10. The level of social and emotional support from parents lessens once a child reaches adolescence.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-10

Page-Reference: 273

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

11. Mothers are more likely to give greater autonomy over behaviour to boys than to girls; they are also more likely to hold girls to a higher standard of accountability than they do boys.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-11

Page-Reference: 279

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

12. Bandura used the term "reciprocal determinism" to refer to an individual's belief in her capacity to cause an intended event to occur.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-12

Page-Reference: 272

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

13. Shared interests and activities are a critical part of friendships in middle childhood.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-13

Page-Reference: 273

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

14. During the middle childhood years, children begin to integrate other-gender interactions and activities into their relationships and typically develop a substantial number of cross-sex friendships.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-14

Page-Reference: 381

Skill: Analysis

B) False

15. Children who have been harmed by a peer but did not retaliate may be vulnerable to bullying in the future, and they may be seen as socially incompetent by other children.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-15

Page-Reference: 383

Skill: Comprehension

A) True

16. Boy are simply more aggressive than girls.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-16

Page-Reference: 282

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

17. Relational aggression tends to increase among boys and girls during the 6-to 12-year-old period.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-17

Page-Reference: 283

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

18. Social approval helps to maintain aggressiveness and may cause interventions aimed at reducing aggressiveness to be ineffective.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 2

QuestionID: 10-2-18

Page-Reference: 283-284

Skill: Comprehension

A) True

19. Aggressive/rejected children are often disruptive and uncooperative, and they realize that their peers dislike them.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-19

Page-Reference: 286

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

20. Popular children tend to be attractive and physically larger than their peers, characteristics they have no control over.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-20

Page-Reference: 284

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

21. The personality trait openness/intellect would describe a child who is imaginative, curious, and has wide interests.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-21

Page-Reference: 270

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

22. An individual's self-esteem is influenced by many factors and may be subject to a good deal of variation throughout her lifetime.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-22

Page-Reference: 272

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

23. Possessing a skill or talent will positively affect a child's self-esteem only if the child places a high value on that particular skill or talent.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-23

Page-Reference: 272

Skill: Comprehension

A) True

24. Developmentalists agree that the earliest age that a child should be left in self-care is 8.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-24

Page-Reference: 287

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

25. In Canada, you can legally leave your child alone at the age of 8, as long as he is not caring for a younger sibling.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-25

Page-Reference: 387

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

26. Self-care has the most negative effects for children in low-income neighbourhoods with high crime rates.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-26

Page-Reference: 287

Skill: Knowledge

A) True

27. Scores on achievement tests correlate negatively with the amount of time children spend watching TV.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 3

QuestionID: 10-2-27

Page-Reference: 288

Skill: Comprehension

A) True

28. Canadian children spend less than seven hours per day in front of a screen.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-28

Page-Reference: 288

Skill: Knowledge

B) False

29. Canadian children between ages 2 and 11 spend an average of 21 hours/week watching television.

A) True

B) False

Difficulty: 1

QuestionID: 10-2-29

Page-Reference: 288

Skill: Knowledge

A) True