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35 Terms

1
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Why Government

The fundamental reasons and purposes for the existence of government in society.

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Studying Influence

Examining how individuals or groups can affect decision-making and policies.

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Making (and Breaking) Coalitions

The process of forming alliances for a common purpose and the challenges of maintaining them.

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Free Rider

An individual who benefits from resources or services without paying for them, often leading to collective action problems.

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Collective Action Problem

A situation where individuals in a group would benefit from working together but fail to do so due to conflicting interests.

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Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, which created a weak federal government.

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Coordination Game (“Battle of the Sexes”)

A strategic interaction where players benefit from coordinating their actions, often resulting in multiple equilibrium outcomes.

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“Ambition must be made to Counteract Ambition” (Federalist #51)

The idea that the structure of government should create a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

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Extended Republic (Federalist #10)

The concept that a larger republic can better guard against factions and tyranny than a smaller one.

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Divided Government

A political situation in which different branches of government are controlled by different political parties.

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“Going Public”

A strategy used by politicians to appeal directly to the public in order to gain support for policies.

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Filibuster

A tactic used in the Senate to prolong debate and delay or prevent a vote on a bill.

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Principal-Agent Problem (Delegation)

The challenge that arises when a principal delegates work to an agent, leading to potential conflicts of interest.

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Unilateral Action

Actions taken by the executive or president without the need for legislative approval.

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Veto Point

A stage in the legislative process where an individual or group can halt progress on a bill.

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Seniority System

A legislative practice that gives priority to the members with the longest continuous service.

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Electoral College

The body established by the Constitution for the indirect election of the president and vice president of the United States.

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Statutory Interpretation

The process by which courts interpret and apply legislation.

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Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

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Shelby v. Holder

A Supreme Court case that invalidated key provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

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Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council

A Supreme Court case that affirmed the principle of deference to administrative agencies' interpretations of statutes.

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“Counter-majoritarian Difficulty”

The issue that arises when judicial review conflicts with the will of the majority as expressed through legislation.

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“Politicians in Robes”

A term that critiques judges and justices for policies that seem politically driven rather than legally based.

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Jim Crow System

A series of laws and practices enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Southern Realignment

The shift in political power and party affiliation in the American South during the late 20th century.

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Reconstruction Era

The period following the American Civil War during which the Southern states were reintegrated into the Union.

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Voting Rights Act

A landmark piece of federal legislation that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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Voter ID Laws

Laws requiring voters to provide identification before casting a ballot.

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White Primary

A primary election in which only white voters were allowed to participate, used primarily in Southern states.

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Clean Air Act

A comprehensive federal law designed to regulate air emissions from stationary and mobile sources.

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Social Security Act

A law enacted to provide social security benefits to the elderly, disabled, and other qualifying individuals.

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Sixteenth Amendment (Federal Income Tax)

The constitutional amendment that allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states.

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Laboratories of Democracy

A phrase used to describe how states can experiment with policies at a local level.

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“Race to the Bottom”

A term that refers to the competitive environment that can lead to lower standards or practices by entities seeking to cut costs.

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Competitive Authoritarianism

A political system that maintains the facade of democracy while restricting opposition and undermining political freedoms.