Exam 2 Animal Physiology

Exam 2 ch. 8, 4, & 6

The______ is the part of the_______ which is important for regulation of hunger, thirst and body temperature.

Hypothalamus.....forebrain

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, neurotransmitter released by preganglionic fibers is _______ and the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic fibers is_______.

ACh......NE

The ________ is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Adrenal Medulla

Animals of most phyla exhibit cephalization and a brain except for the

Cnidarians & Echinoderms

Somatic reflex arcs differ from autonomic reflex arcs in the somatic reflex arcs_______.

Contain one motor neuron in the effect pathway.

The Baro receptor reflex is an example of _______ reflex that is elicited by information received from _______ receptors.

An autonomic.... Stretch

The______ division of the ______ nervous system is active after you have eaten a meal in order to facilitate digestion of food.

Parasympathetic.....autonomic

The blood-brain barrier prevents______ in blood from entering brain cells.

Urea

The somatic motor nerves system controls______.

Skeletal muscle

The ______ nerve carries sensory information concern in hearing and balance.

Vestibulocochlear

In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, the origin of preganglionic. Fibers is the______ and ganglia are located_______.

Brain stem & spinal cord (S2-S4)..... in or near target organs

The______ is part of the ______ responsible for regulating heart rate and blood pressure.

Medulla oblongata..... hindbrain

The ______ controls most reflex responses and regulates involuntary behaviors such as breathing and maintenance of body position.

Hindbrain

The______ is part of the_______ responsible for coordination of locomotion.

Cerebellum... hindbrain

A group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is a ________.

Ganglia

________ neurons carry information from the CNS to effectors such as Cardiac or smooth muscle.

Visceral Motor

The______ is the part of the _____ responsible for reflex responses to visual, auditory, and touch information.

Tegmentum..... midbrain

The vagus nerve is a______ nerve that innervantes organs such as the_____.

Mixed.... Heart

Connective tissue layer around the CNS is a________.

Meninges.

A simple spinal reflex goes along which of the following reflex arcs?

Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

The ____ is part of the ______ responsible for the initial formation of memory.

Hippocampus....forebrain

During Habituation in sea slugs, there is _____ of Ca2+ channels in sensory neurons that leads to _______ in te release of excitatory neurotransmitter from sensory neurons.

Inactivation...... a decrease

The ______ is part of the _____ responsible for information processing.

Cerebellum.....forebran

The _____ lobe of the mammalian bain contains the olfactory cortex and auditory cortex.

Temporal

Spinal nerves are composed of______ neurons.

Both sensory and motor neurons.

During the Vertebrates stress response, ______ stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex which stimulates target cells to ______ blood glucose levels.

ACTH ...... increase

Which of the following is NOT a transmembrane receptor?

Intracellular receptor

_____ has diverse effect among vertebrates such as the regulation of water balance in fish and milk production in mammals.

Prolactin

Which of the following is NOT a steroid hormone?

epinephrine

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of_____ from the ______ pituitary.

LH.... Anterior

The hormone_____ is released from the ______ to lower blood glucose levels.

Insulin.... Pancreas

____ directly promotes water réabsorption by kidneys and vasoconstriction.

Vasopressin

The posterior pituitary_____ the hypothalamus and releases hormones such as_______.

Contains axons of neurons that arise in........ oxytocin and vasopressin.

A surge (spike) of _______ triggers ovulation.

LH.

Which of the following directly affects skin color?

MSH

_____ is NOT an amine hormone.

Cortisol

Cortisol, progesterone and testosterone are_______.

Derived from cholesterol

The hormone ____ is released from the ______ pituitary to stimulate spermatogenesis.

FSH.... Anterior

The hormone______ is likely involved in social bonding (monogamy)in mammals.

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormone levels does NOT increase during the vertebrate stress response?

Insulin

During stress, the ______ releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Adrenal medulla.

In mammals, ________ promotes water reabsorption by kidneys and causes vasoconstriction.

Vasopressin

Peptide and protein hormones are ______ and bind to_______ receptors.

Hydrophilic.... Tranmembrane

_____ is a gaseous chemical messenger that acts as a vasodilator.

Nitric oxide

____ is an biogenic amine hormone that regulates daily and seasonal rhythms.

Melatonin

_____ is a hormone from the posterior pituitary of amphibians.

Vasotocin

Hydrophilic hormones that bind ligand-gated ion channels typically initiate a response in the target cell by_______.

Changing ion permeability of the membrane.

Many tropical hormones are released from the _____.

Anterior pituitary

A chemical messenger released from a signaling cell that has effects on neighboring cells i referred to as a _____ regulator.

Paracrine

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with hydrophobic hormones?

Water solubility

Microtubules are polymers composed of the protein ______ and they (Microtubules) are_______.

Tubulin..... part of the cytoskeleton

Movements due to microfilaments often uses the motor protein_____.

Myosin

Red Skeletal muscle fibers have a relatively _____ twitch sped and primarily use ____respiration.

Slow.... Aerobic

A low concentration of calcium ions in the carcplasm promotes _______.

The blockage of binding sites on actin.

An increase in the number of activated motor units for a muscle is referred to as_______.

Recruitment

In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is ______ and has a _______ refractory period.

Myogenic...... long

In contrast to resistance (Strength) training, endurance training tends to increase_____ in skeletal muscle fibers and convert fibers from _____

Myoglobin content..... fast- glycolytic to fast-oxidative

The electric organs of fish are composed of modified muscle referred to as_______.

Trans-differentiated

________ muscle lacks striations, sarcomeres, and T tubules.

Smooth muscle.

The asymmetric activation of_______ causes relative movement of ______ pairs in the axoneme during ciliary and flagella movements.

Dynein..... Microtubule

Microfilaments are polymers composed of the protein ______ and they (microfilaments) are_____.

Actin.... Part of the Cytoskeleton

Summation does not occur in ______ muscle because of a relatively _____ refractory period.

Cardiac......Long

Isoforms of______ provide the functional properties of different types of striated muscle fibers in mammals.

Myosin II

An Olympic sprinter would likely have a higher proportion of fibers than an Olympic marathon runner

Fast-glycolytic

During skeletal muscle excitation, _____ is released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction.

ACh

The extension of the cell membrane during amoeboid movement is caused by_______.

Actin polymerization

The walls of the _________ do not have smooth muscle.

Heart

During the dispersion of pigment granules in a melanocytes, the ______ guides the path of movement and _____ provides the mechanical force for movement.

Microtubule..... kinesin

Dark A bands of skeletal muscle fibers correspond to the length of_______ filaments, and these bands ______ during contraction.

Myosin..... stay the same width

During skeletal muscle relaxation, calcium ions move into the_______.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The structure of an axoneme in a ______ consists of Microtubules in a_________ arrangement.

flagellum..... nine-plus-two

The sliding filament model of contraction in striated muscle involves ______ during contraction.

Myosin pulling actin toward the center of the sarcomere

In smooth muscle, _____ binds calcium ions during contraction and ______ blocks binding sites on actin during relaxation.

calmodulin ... caldesmon

During skeletal muscle contraction, calcium ions move from the ______ into the _____.

sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasm

Tetanus in a muscle cell is caused by _____ in the sarcoplasm.

Accumulation of calcium ions.