Science 10 Unit A Chemistry
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What model did Dalton propose
Dalton proposed that atoms were small solid spheres, like 'Billiard balls'.
What significant contribution did J.J. Thomson make in 1897?
Thomson created the 'Plum Pudding' model, suggesting atoms consist of a positive charge with negative charges embedded within it.
What did Rutherford discover about the atom in 1911?
Rutherford discovered that the atom contains a positively charged nucleus and is mostly empty space surrounding it.
How did Bohr's model in 1913 describe electron arrangement?
Bohr's model stated that electrons orbit the nucleus in definite energy levels like planets around the sun.
What does the periodic table organize?
The periodic table organizes all known elements by increasing atomic number.
What are the horizontal rows of the periodic table called?
The horizontal rows are called periods and are numbered from 1 to 7.
What is the defining characteristic of alkali metals?
1st group of the periodic table. Alkali metals are very reactive, soft metals that are always found combined with other elements in nature.
What distinguishes alkaline earth metals?
2nd group of the periodic table. Alkaline earth metals are reactive and always combine with nonmetals in nature, and many are important mineral nutrients.
What properties define the noble gases?
Noble gases are very unreactive, monatomic gases with a full valence shell, used in neon signs and other applications.
What do group numbers in the periodic table indicate?
Group numbers indicate how many electrons are in the outer shell (valence shell) of the elements.
What are the three main subatomic particles of an atom?
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons.
Where are protons located in an atom?
Protons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the first energy level of an atom?
The maximum number of electrons in the first energy level is 2.
What does the atomic number represent?
The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.
What is the difference between atomic mass and molar mass?
Atomic mass refers to the mass of a single atom, while molar mass is the mass of one mole of atoms.
How does the number of neutrons in isotopes differ?
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
What is the Octet Rule?
The Octet Rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons to have eight electrons in their valence shell.
What is ionization?
Ionization is the process of losing or gaining electrons, resulting in an ion.
What do metals do during ion formation?
Metals lose electrons to become positively charged ions, known as cations.
What is the charge of a non-metal ion after gaining electrons?
Non-metals become negatively charged ions, known as anions.
What is the general trend for atoms seeking stability?
Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer (valence) shell.
How do you name a non-metal ion?
Change the ending to '-ide' (e.g., Chlorine becomes Chloride).
How do you name a metal ion?
The metal keeps its name and adds 'ion' after it (e.g., Sodium becomes Sodium ion).
What happens to an atom when it loses an electron?
It becomes positively charged because it has more protons than electrons.
Which groups of elements typically lose electrons to form cations?
Groups 1, 2, and 3 typically lose electrons to form cations.
What is the goal of an atom in relation to its outer energy level?
The goal is to fill its outer energy level to achieve stability.
What happens to an atom that gains an electron?
It becomes negatively charged due to having more electrons than protons.
What are the two classes of compounds?
Ionic compound: Metal-nonmetal combination
Molecular compound: Nonmetal-nonmetal combination
What is an ionic compound?
A metal-nonmetal combination, e.g., Na+ and Br- → NaBr(s)
What is a molecular compound?
A nonmetal-nonmetal combination, e.g., 2H and O → H2O(l)
What do atoms want for their outer energy level?
To have a full outer energy level like a noble gas.
What do metals want to do with electrons?
Metals want to lose electrons → becomes positive.
What do non-metals want to do with electrons?
Non-metals want to gain electrons → becomes negative.
What is the first step in writing ionic compounds?
Write the symbol of the 1st element (metal/cation).
What is the second step in writing ionic compounds?
Write the symbol of the 2nd element (non-metal/anion).
What is the third step in writing ionic compounds?
Write the charges beside each symbol as found on the periodic table.
What is the fourth step in writing ionic compounds?
Balance the charges.
What is the fifth step in writing ionic compounds?
Write the formula.
How do you name ionic compounds?
Name = metal name + nonmetal name (change 'ine' to 'ide').
What are multivalent elements?
Some transitional metals can have 2 different charges.
What is the most common charge for multivalent elements?
The most common charge is on top.
What indicates the ionic charge in the nomenclature of compounds?
Roman numerals
What are polyatomic ions?
Ions made of several non-metallic atoms that behave as a single unit.
What should be done when multiplying polyatomic ions?
Use brackets around the polyatomic ions.
What are the three classes of compounds?
Ionic compound: metal-nonmetal combination
Molecular compound: nonmetal-nonmetal combination
Elemental compound: same non-metal atoms
What is an elemental compound?
Consists of two or more atoms of the same non-metal, e.g., O2, N2, F2.
What do atoms in elemental compounds aim for?
A full outer energy level with a valence of 8, like noble gases.
What is the IUPAC name for H2O2?
hydrogen peroxide
What prefix is omitted in naming molecular compounds with hydrogen?
mono
What is the issue with naming molecular compounds that contain hydrogen?
Atoms combine to achieve a full valence energy level.
What happens when two atoms collide?
Their valence electrons interact, forming a chemical bond.
What do metallic atoms tend to do?
Give up electrons to form cations.
What are binary ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds formed from just two elements.
How do binary ionic compounds form?
When a metal reacts with a non-metal.
What forms as a result of the transfer of electrons?
Oppositely charged ions attract, forming an ionic bond.
What is the strength of an ionic bond?
Very strong due to strong forces of attraction between ions.
What holds anions and cations together in ionic compounds??
Ionic bonds, forming a crystal lattice.
What are the three states of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Does water have the same properties in all three states of matter?
No, it has different properties in each state.
What causes water's boiling and freezing points?
Strong hydrogen bonding between molecules (intermolecular).
What type of bonding exists within a water molecule?
Strong covalent bonding (intramolecular).
What is a consequence of water molecules attracting each other?
Water forms a liquid at room temperature.
What property does water have due to its molecules sticking together?
High surface tension.
Why are water molecules attracted to each other?
Negative oxygen attracts positive hydrogen of other water molecules.
What is the name for the attraction between water molecules?
Hydrogen bonding.
What kind of bond is a hydrogen bond?
A type of intermolecular bond.
What happens to water molecules as liquid water freezes?
They spread out.
Is ice more or less dense than liquid water?
Less dense.
Define intermolecular bonds.
Bonds between molecules.
What is the function of natural indicators like red cabbage?
To indicate pH levels.
What is an acid?
A chemical that releases H+ when dissolved in solution.
What is a base?
A chemical that releases OH- when dissolved in solution.
What does the pH scale measure?
The amount of hydrogen (H+) in one liter of water.
What is a neutral pH?
A pH of 7.
What pH considered acidic?
pH less than 7.
What pH are considered basic?
pH greater than 7.
Are acids corrosive?
Yes, acids burn the skin.
Do acids and bases conduct electricity?
yes
What color does blue litmus paper turn in acid?
red
What color does red litmus paper turn in base?
blue
What is a universal indicator?
A mixture of indicators changing color as acidity changes.
What is a physical reaction?
A change of state of the same substance.
Give an example of a physical reaction.
Ice to liquid water to gas.