ASI218 Final

B1 (Thiamine)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Citric Acid Cycle metabolism
Precursor: Sulfur (Ruminants)
Deficiency: Beriberi, Cat Ventroflexion, Polyneuritis
Toxicity: Rare

B2 (Riboflavin)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Citric Acid Cycle metablolism, tryptophan to niacin conversion
Precursor: N/A
Deficiency: Poor growth and appetite, dermatitis
Toxicity: Rare

B3 (Niacin)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Citric Acid Cycle metabolism, alleviate ketosis, milk production
Precursor: N/A
Deficiency: Poor growth and appetite, pellagra
Toxicity: Rare

B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Citric Acid Cycle and fatty acid metabolism
Precursor: N/A
Deficiency: Goose-stepping from nerve damage, enteritis
Toxicity: Rare

B6 (Pyridoxine)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Protein embolism, red blood cell and insulin production
Precursor: N/A
Deficiency: Dermatitis, nerve degeneration, and anemia
Toxicity: Rare

B7 (biotin)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Citric Acid Cycle metabolism
Precursor: Sulfur in Ruminants
Deficiency: Dermatitis in toes, anemia
Toxicity: Rare

Vitamin A

Fat soluble
Impacts: Eye sight and growth
Precursor: Beta-Carotene
Deficiency: Night Blindness, reproduction problem
Toxicity: Slowed Growth and birth defects

Vitamin D

Fat-Soluble
Importance: Ca and P metabolism
Precursor: 7-dehydrocholesteral
Deficiency: Rickets
Toxicity: Bone Calcification

Vitamin E

Fat-Soluble
Importance: Antioxidant
Precursor: Alpha-tocopherol
Deficiency: Mulberry heart disease, white muscle disease
Toxicity: Rare

Vitamin K

Fat-Soluble
Importance: Blood Clotting
Precursor: Quinones
Deficiency: Sweet Clover Disease
Toxicity: Rare

B9 (Folic Acid)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Homocysteine depletion and protein metabolism
Precursor: N/A
Deficiency: Neural tube defects, no long bone growth
Toxicity: Rare

B12 (Cobalamin)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Homocysteine depletion, citric acid cycle metabolism
Precursor: Cobalt in Ruminants
Deficiency: Anemia, Fatigue, Nerve degeneration
Toxicity: Rare

C (Ascorbic Acid)

Water-Soluble
Importance: Collagen Synthesis, immunity, vitamin E antioxidant properties
Precursor: N/A
Deficiency: Scurvy, reduced immunity
Toxicity: Rare

Ca

Macromineral
Importance: Bone development, muscle contraction
Supplement: calcium carbonate
Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, milk fever
Toxicity: Rare

P

Macromineral
Importance: Bone development, enzyme cofactor
Supplement: Monocalcium or dicalcium phosphate
Deficiency: Pica, rickets
Toxicity: Low Ca:P ratio, big head disease, distorted snout

Mg

Macromineral
Importance: Energy Generation
Supplement: Magnesium sulfate oxide
Deficiency: Grass tetany
Toxicity: Rare

K

Macromineral
Importance: Electrolyte
Supplement: Potassium Carbonate
Deficiency: Dehydration, suppressed growth
Toxicity: Rare

Na

Macromineral
Importance: Electrolyte
Supplement: Salt
Deficiency: Dehydration, suppressed growth
Toxicity: Rare

Cl

Macromineral
Importance: Electrolyte
Supplement: Salt
Deficiency: Dehydration, suppressed growth
Toxicity: Rare

S

Macromineral
Importance: Precursor for S-containing Amino acids and vitamins in ruminants
Supplement: S-Methionine, S-methioinin hydroxyanalog
Deficiency: Poor appetite and growth
Toxicity: feedlot polio

Co

Micromineral
Importance: Component of B12
Supplement: Cobalt carbonate, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, glucoheptonate
Deficiency: Anemia, poor appetite and growth
Toxicity: rare

I

Micromineral
Importance: Thyroid function for metabolism
Supplement: EDDI, Potassium iodate, sodium iodate
Deficiency: Goiter, reproductive failure
Toxicity: Goiter, muscle weakness

Zn

Micromineral
Importance: Cofactor for enzymes
Supplement: Zinc sulfate, oxide, methionine
Deficiency: Parakeratosis, male reproductive failure
Toxicity: Rare

Fe

Micromineral
Importance: Hemoglobin function for oxygenating blood
Supplement: Ferrous sulfate, chloride, carbonate, oxide
Deficiency: Anemia
Toxicity: Rare

Cu

Micromineral
Importance: Collagen and elastin synthesis for hair and wool growth
Supplement: Copper sulfate, chloride
Deficiency: Anemia, hair pigmentation loss, sway back
Toxicity: Hemolysis in sheep

Mn

Micromineral
Importance: Bone formation, citric acid cycle enzyme cofactor
Supplement: manganese sulfate
Deficiency: Poor bone development, poor growth
Toxicity: Rare

Se

Micromineral
Importance: Antioxidant with Vitamin E
Supplement: Sodium selenite, selenate
Deficiency: liver necrosis and death, organ fibrosis, weak immune response, infertility
Toxicity: blind staggers, sloughed hooves

Microminerals (7)

Co, I, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Se

Macrominerals (7)

Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S

Water-Soluble Vitamins (9)

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C

Fat-Soluble Vitamins (4)

A, D, E, K

Essential Nutrient

Required in the diet because it can’t be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities

7 Major Nutrients

Water

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Epidemiology

Animal Health history

Controlled Research

Trial and Error

Monogastric Stomach

Acid Secretion, Enzyme secretion, mixing/churning

Fundic Region

produces acid and enzymes

Parietal Cells

Produce acid

Chief cells

Produce pepsinogen (enzyme)

M- Duodenum

site of entry for pancreatic and gall bladder secretions

Jejunum

Primary site of nutrient absorption

Illeum

some nutrient absorption

Gall Bladder

Secretes and stores bile

Pancreas

Secretes digestive enzymes

Liver

Produces bile, metabolism of nutrients

Large Intestine -M

Water Absorption, fecal storage/elimination

Compartment of the Ruminant stomach that acts as the transfer point to the other compartments of the stomach

Rumen

Villi

Finger like projections lined by the epithelial cells in the small intestine

Papillae

Covers the surface of the rumen

Role of Stomach in monogastrics

Metabolism

Net energy for production

energy system that accounts for metabolizable energy and potential energy losses through heat and that used for maintenance

Digestible Energy

energy system that accounts for gross energy in a feedstuff and potential energy losses in feces

Metabolizable energy

energy system that accounts for gross energy in a feedstuff and potential energy losses in feces, urine, and gas

Where is most water located within the tissues of an animal’s body?

Intracellular

Carohydrates gross energy

4.1 kcal

Proteins gross energy

5.7 kcal

Fats gross energy

9.4 kcal

Carbohydrate net energy

4 kcal

Protein net energy

4 kcal

Fats net energy

5 kcal

What pH is preferred by propionate producing bacteria?

6

What pH is preferred by acetate producing bacteria?

6.5

SGLT1

absorbs glucose/galactose + 2 Na

Phenylalanine

nonpolar , aromatic, common in corn

Valine

nonpolar, alkyl

Tryptophan

nonpolar, aromatic, low in corn, precursor to seratonin

Threonine

polar, neutral

Isoleucine

Nonpolar, alkyl

Methionine

nonpolar, alkyl, contains S, important in hoof, haor, and feather production

Histodine

polar, basic

Argenine

polar, basic

Lysine

polar, basic, low in corn protein, 1st limiting AA in pigs and humans

Leucine

nonpolar, alkyl, very high in corn protein

Amino Acid

Glucose

Maltose- AGlucose+AGlucose - Disaccharide

Amylopectin- AGlucose 1,4 and 1,6 Polysaccharide

Amylose- A Glucose 1,4 Polysaccharide

Cellulose- B Glucose 1,4 Polysaccharide

Carbohydrate Digestion/Metabolism in Ruminants-Fermentation

Starches and Fiber. Break a-1,4, a-1,6, and b-1,4 glycosidic bonds and C-C bonds within Glucose. Cellulase and Hemicellulase break B-1,4 in rumen. a-1,4 and a-1,6 digestion to VFAs in rumen. Rumen and Lg Intestine. =VFA

Carbohydrate Digestion Non-Ruminant

Salivary Amylase- starches to polysaccharides. Pancreatic Amylase- polysaccharides to disaccharides. Brush Border Enzymes (maltase, lactase, sucrase)- disaccharides to monosaccharides.

Protein Digestion-Enzymatic Hydrolysis- R

Abomasum+SI. =AA

Protein Digestion- Enzymatic hydrolysis- M

Stomach+SI +AA

Lipid Digestion in Monogastrics

Lingual lipase+gastric lipase hydrolyzes ester bonds. Triglyceride to diglyceride. Pancreatic lipase- breaks ester bond between glycerol and FA. =monoglyceride. Micelle form and are absorbed into Jejunum. Chylomicrons form to cross enterocyte and enter lymphatic system.

Lipid Digestion in Ruminants

Rumen Microbes hydrolyze triglyceride to glyceride + 3 FA. Glycerol fermented to VFA. FA saturated and absorbed in SI.