PY 101 Ch 8

It is ________ to have an emotion

easy

Stimuli can quickly prompt an _________ response

emotional

Emotions are a temporary state that includes

unique ____________ experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action

subjective

It is difficult, however, to define emotion in only one way, because emotion is what?

subjective

To try and tell someone's emotion we are forced to rely on ______________ by others and on behaviors that can be observed

descriptions (crying, smiling, yelling)

Emotions often occur along with changes in physiological responses such as what?

heart rate, breathing, sweating

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

controls internal processes without our conscious awareness or control

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What does the sympathetic nervous system control?

fight or flight response

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

rest and recover

If we focus on how we experienced emotion, it feels as if we experience an emotion that is shortly followed by the ___________ response

physiological

What is the overall theory of emotion (the steps)?

1. stimulus

2. Perception/interpretation (danger)

3. Particular emotion experienced (fear)

4. Specific pattern of autonomic arousal

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Emotions result from our interpretation of our bodily reactions to stimuli (an autonomic reaction triggers emotions)

What are the "steps" of James-Lange theory of emotion?

1.stimulus

2. Perception/interpretation

3. specific pattern of autonomic arousal

4. Particular emotion experienced

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?

simultaneous feeling and autonomic response

What are the "steps" of the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?

1. stimulus

2. perception/interpretation

3. General autonomic arousal and particular emotion experienced

What is the two-factor Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion?

physiological arousal determines the intensity and the cognitive interpretation determines the type of emotion

What are the "steps" of the Two-Factor Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion?

1. stimulus

2. perception/interpertation

3 a. Stimulus (loud)

4. general autonomic arousal

3 b. Context (danger)

4. particular emotion experienced (feedback to perception/interpretation)

In general, there are _____ basic emotional states are commonly described

eight

The eight basic emotional states are organized into four pairs of opposing emotions, what are they?

happiness vs. sadness, affection vs. disgust, fear vs. anger, surprise vs. expectation

Each emotion varies in terms of _________

intensity

as intensity increases or decreases, our _____ for the emotion can change

label

In addition to the emotional states that are described, we can also discuss the different ____________ that occur

experiences

Subjective ratings of how close emotions are to each other are divided into two dimensions, what are these two dimensions?

valence and arousal

What is valence? (dimension of emotion)

how positive the feeling is

What is arousal? (dimension of emotion)

how energetic the feeling is

To express emotion, we can intentionally or unintentionally produce _______ expressions that communicate emotion

facial

Specific facial muscles receive signals from the facial ________

nerve

How many faces are in the muscle?

43

What do the muscles in the face allow for? Do all of them express this?

allows for more than 10,000 unique configurations; not all express emotions, but many do

Human observers can identify at least ____ distinct facial expressions

20

Between the western and non-western literate groups, how did the emotional expressions compare? To the isolated nonliterate?

relatively the same expression; different in most emotions

Carney Landis: "desirable to arrive at some method by which real emotional disturbances could be _________"

engendered

Carney Landis: "should consist not only of one type of emotion such as fear, but should involve as many ________ forms of reaction as possible working up in a cumulative manner so as to give a pronounced emotional upset."

distinct

What were the three questions asked in Carney Landis's experiment?

Facial expression for a given emotion? Is facial expression correlated with the "feeling?" What situations lead to the biggest emotional

disturbance?

What did Carney Landis do?

showed people a variety of stimulus, from music to killing a live rat, to record facial emotions

What were the results of the Carney Landis experiments?

specific facial expressions and verbal reports were made...but there are large individual differences; might be more useful to distinguish emotions based on the situation and the level of disturbance and not on facial or verbal reactions

What is facial feedback?

sensory feedback from our face can influence our emotional experience

It is possible we can easily interpret emotion using ________ expressions

facial

We can also interpret emotion from movements of the _____, can be illustrated with __________ motion

body, biological

What are internal constructs?

we can't directly observe it but we believe that it exists because it can be used to predict behavior

One important internal construct that predicts behavior is what?

motivation

What is motivation?

the internal causes of purposeful behavior, any force that regulates behavior toward a goal

What are the two general categories of motivation?

external motivating forces and internal motivating forces

What are external motivating forces?

extrinsic motivation

What is extrinsic motivation?

motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward; incentives, rewards, punishments, money that originate outside the body

What are internal motivating forces?

intrinsic motivation

What is intrinsic motivation?

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding; behaviors that result from or influence hormones and physiological conditions inside the body

Imposing _______ motivator to a task that is typically intrinsically motivated is not always useful

extrinsic

When an extrinsic motivation is introduced, the behavior can become less intrinsically motivated to repeat it, what is this called?

over justification effect for rewards

What are the two primary theories when thinking about internal states that motivate behavior?

drive reduction model, optimal arousal model

What is the Drive Reduction model?

Clark Hull, internal motivation is the result of physiological need; the need produces a drive; behaviors are produced to reduce the need and, ultimately, the drive

What is optimal arousal? What is this also called?

motivation influences behavior based on levels of arousal; Yerkes-Dodson Law

What is an example of optimal arousal?

easy then not study (low arousal)

very difficult (high arousal)

typical exam (optimal level)

This optimal state for arousal suggest that physiological processes in the body might work best within a _______ range

narrow

What is homeostasis?

the process of keeping a constant stable internal environment in the body

What is homeostasis commonly compared to?

thermostat in a house

What is negative feedback?

prompts a system to decrease activity

What is an example of negative feedback?

we will eat or drink to reduce hunger or thirst; but, after too much food or water, our body will prompt us to stop because we are full

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

temperature in our bodies

For humans and other animals, the release of ________ in certain brain areas is associated with reward and pleasure

dopamine

What is the reward pathway?

pathway from midbrain to frontal cortex

What reward pathway in our brains can be stimulated by what?

electricity

What test subject has been used when using electricity to study reward pathways? How did this experiment worl?

rat, if pressing lever stimulates a

location within the pathway, rat will

stop all other behaviors, will also work hard and/or experience pain to obtain stimulation

Who proposed a hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow

What are the five levels of the hierarchy of needs? (from bottom (most important) to top)

physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

What is the amygdala?

crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression, and in forming emotional memories

Universality Hypothesis (Darwin)

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

Facial emotional expressions? examples?

Facial movements conveying emotional states, physical manifestations of our internal emotional states, involving specific muscle movements in the face that convey feelings like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and contempt

Culture and facial expressions

facial expressions linked to basic emotion seem to be universal across different cultures