LOVE2 QUIZ @ (wla pa nahuman :( )

1. Stabilize patients

2. Save lives

3. Prevent condition from worsening

What are the goals of pre-hospital care?

• Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs)

• Paramedics

• First Responders

Who provides pre-hospital emergency care?

• Oxygen Therapy

• CPR

• Wound Care

• Splinting

What is Basic Life Support (BLS)?

• IV Access

• Medication administration

• Intubation

• Advanced cardiac monitoring

What is Advanced Life Support (ALS)?

Golden Hour

is the critical time window from injury to definitive care (typically 60 minutes). During this period, prompt medical intervention can significantly improve survival outcomes and prevent complications.

• Establish patent airway

• Control hemorrhage

• Stabilize fractures

• Prepare for extrication

• Prepare for rapid long spine board

What are the "Platinum 10 Minutes"?

• 0 MIN: Injury Occurs

• 0-10 MIN (Platinum 10): Airway management, hemorrhage control

• 10-15 MIN: Fracture stabilization, extrication preparation

• 25-30 MIN (En Route): IV/IO access, fluids & TXA

• 60 MIN: Arrival at Hospital for definitive care

Describe the pre-hospital timeline during the Golden Hour.

1. Pre-Hospital & Dispatch: Triage & Communication

2. Transport & Handover: Vital Reporting & Collaboration

3. Hospital Admission & Advanced Care: Definitive Treatment Support

What are the roles of the nurse across the continuum of emergency care?

• CPR

• IV placement

• Cardiac Monitoring

• Patient Advocacy

• Family Support

What are the critical skills of the nurse across the continuum of emergency care?

Consent

Documentation

Professional Responsibilities

What are the key legal and ethical considerations in pre-hospital care?

Implied Consent

Expressed Consent

Consent

• Factual & Objective

• Timely & Accurate

• All treatments recorded

Documentation

• Duty to Care

• Patient Confidentiality

• Scope of Practice adherence

Professional Responsibilities

Implied Consent

Treat without delay in life-threatening situations

Expressed Consent

Confirm patient's wishes if able

• Scan the Scene: Assess for dangers

• Check for Hazards: Identify specific threats

• Ensure Personal Safety: Use proper PPE

• Notify and Call for Support: Request additional resources

• Establish a Safe Zone: Set up secure area for care

What does the SCENE mnemonic stand for in scene safety?

• Stay Alert: Continuously monitor for new risks

• Assess Continuously: Regularly reassess for emerging dangers

• Follow Protocols: Stick to safety guidelines

• Exit Safely: Always have an escape plan

What does the SAFE mnemonic represent for scene safety?

RUN (Escape First)

HIDE (Barricade Next)

FIGHT (Defend Last)

What are the three actions in the RUN-HIDE-FIGHT protocol for active threats?

• Evacuate immediately if safe

• Leave belongings

• Visualize exits

• Warn others without slowing down

RUN (Escape First)

• Lock doors, turn off lights

• Block entryways with furniture

• Silence phones

• Seek cover

HIDE (Barricade Next)

• Act only as last resort

• Improvise weapons

• Target weaknesses (eyes, throat, groin)

• Swarm together with others

FIGHT (Defend Last)

1. Abrasion (Scrape)

2. Laceration (Jagged Cut)

3. Incision (Clean Cut)

4. Puncture (Deep Hole)

5. Avulsion (Torn Tissue)

What are the types of open wounds?

Rubbing against rough surface

Abrasion (Scrape)

Deep, jagged tear in skin

Laceration (Jagged Cut)

Clean, straight cut from sharp object

Incision (Clean Cut)

Small, deep hole from sharp object

Puncture (Deep Hole)

Skin and tissue partly/completely torn away

Avulsion (Torn Tissue)

1. Contusion (Bruise)

2. Hematoma (Blood Pool)

3. Crush Injury (Deep Force)

What are the types of closed wounds?

Contusion (Bruise)

Damage to tiny vessels under skin, no break in skin

Hematoma (Blood Pool)

Larger pool of blood trapped under skin or inside organ

Crush Injury (Deep Force)

Heavy force harms deep tissue under intact skin

1. Assessment: Evaluate size, depth, signs of infection

2. Preparation: Hand hygiene & don clean gloves

3. Cleansing: Gently irrigate with saline or clean water

4. Debridement: Remove visible debris (optional for minor wounds)

5. Protection: Apply appropriate dressing

6. Patient Education: Teach monitoring for infection, dressing changes

What are the principles of wound care for nurses?

Apply Pressure with Hands

Apply Dressing and Press

Apply Tourniquet

What are the 3 actions to save a life from bleeding?

• Expose the bleeding area

• Apply firm, steady pressure

Apply Pressure with Hands

• Use cloth or bandage

• Apply firm, steady pressure with both hands

Apply Dressing and Press

• Place 2-3 inches above injured area

• Avoid joints (knees/elbows)

• Note application time

Apply Tourniquet

1. Build personal Resilience

2. Safeguard the nation

3. Empower the public to stop life-threatening hemorrhage

What are the goals of the STOP THE BLEED Initiative?

TRUE

A person can bleed to death in 5 minutes

FALSE. 7-10 minutes

First responders take 15-30 minutes to arrive

FALSE. 35%

45% of pre-hospital deaths are from hemorrhage

FALSE. 40%

35% of deaths in first 24 hours are from hemorrhage

• Keep Skin Intact: Don't break blisters

• Clean Hands: Before touching burns

• Elevate Limb: To reduce swelling

• Non-adherent Dressing: Use to cover burn

What are the DO's for burn first aid?

• Pop, prick, or peel blisters

• Apply ice directly

• Apply butter, oils, or toothpaste

• Use adhesive dressings directly on burn

What should you NOT do for burn first aid?

• Large burn area

• Chemical or electrical burn

• Burns involving:

  • Face

  • Hands

  • Feet

  • Groin

  • Joints

When should you seek immediate medical attention for burns?

• Fever (>38°C / 100.4°F)

• Pus/Red drainage

• Spreading redness

• Foul odor

Signs of Infection

• Head and Neck: 9%

• Chest: 9%

• Abdomen: 9%

• Back: 18%

• Each Arm: 9%

• Each Leg: 18%

• Genitalia: 1%

How do you calculate Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) using the Rules of Nines?

TRUE

Only calculate 2nd and 3rd degree burns

TRUE

DO NOT include 1st degree burns

FALSE. 1%

Palmar Method: Patient's hand = 18% TBSA

TRUE

Total must equal 100%

Total 24-hour IV Fluid = 4mL × Body Weight(kg) × TBSA(%)

What is the Parkland Formula for burn fluid resuscitation?

Airway Management & Intubation

Vascular Access

Escharotomy

What are the emergent procedures for severe burn management?

• Maintain airway before severe edema

• Suspect facial burns or inhalation injury

Airway Management & Intubation

• Large-bore IV or IO access

• Deliver fluid resuscitation

Vascular Access

• Bedside incision through full-thickness eschar

• Relieve constriction, restore blood flow

• Allow chest wall expansion

Escharotomy

• Wound cleansing & irrigation

• Bedside mechanical debridement

• Operative debridement (24-72 hours)

Debridement

• Fasciotomy: For compartment syndrome

• Skin Grafting:

  • Autografting: Patient's own skin (permanent)

  • Temporary coverages: Allografts, xenografts, synthetics

• Contracture Release & Scar Revision: Restore ROM

Surgical & Reconstructive

1. Minimize movement of suspected fracture

2. Prevent further injury to blood vessels, nerves, soft tissues

What are the key principles of splinting and immobilization?

1. Assess for life-threatening injuries first

2. Locate tooth quickly

3. Handle by CROWN ONLY - DO NOT touch root

4. Gently rinse with cold water if dirty (10 seconds)

5. DO NOT scrub the root

What is the emergency management for dental avulsion? (Immediate Steps)

• Replant into original socket immediately

• Have patient bite gently on gauze

• Seek emergency dental care within 30-60 minutes

What is the emergency management for dental avulsion? (Replantation)

• Antibiotic prophylaxis

• Tetanus update

• Splinting

• Ongoing monitoring

What is the emergency management for dental avulsion? (Follow-up)

• Irrigate with clean water/saline for 15-30 minutes

• Continue flushing while transporting

How do you manage chemical burns to the eye? (Immediate Action)

• Rub the eye

• Remove embedded objects

• Apply pressure to the eye

How do you manage chemical burns to the eye? (DON’TS)

• Avoid Pressure: Protect eye from further injury

• DO NOT Remove Embedded Objects

• Seek Medical Attention: For severe injuries

What are the general principles for managing eye injuries?

Concussion

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Contusion (Bruise)

What are the types of head trauma?

Concussion

Brain trauma from impact or abrupt momentum

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Occurs from strong head rotation.Tears brain structure

Contusion (Bruise)

Brain bruising

Penetrating TBI

Gunshot or shrapnel wound, open skull fracture

FAST = Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma

What is the FAST exam and what views does it include?

FRACTURE

FRACTURE or DISLOCATION. Break or crack in bone

DISLOCATION

FRACTURE or DISLOCATION. Displacement of bone from joint

FRACTURE

FRACTURE or DISLOCATION. Loss of function

FRACTURE

FRACTURE or DISLOCATION. Pain, swelling, bruising, deformity

DISLOCATION

FRACTURE or DISLOCATION. Severe pain, intense swelling

RECOGNITION

REDUCTION

RETENTION/IMMOBILIZATION

REHABILITATION

What are the 4 R's of definitive fracture management?

Compartment Syndrome

Increased pressure within a closed fascial compartment.
Key Signs & Symptoms:

• DISPROPORTIONATE PAIN (unresponsive to opioids)

• PAIN WITH PASSIVE MUSCLE STRETCH

• TENSE/SWOLLEN COMPARTMENT

URGENT EMERGENCY FASCIOTOMY

Treatment for Compartment Syndrome

• Rest

• Ice

• Compression

• Elevation

Management - RICE

SPRAIN

SPRAIN or STRAIN. Ligament injury

STRAIN

SPRAIN or STRAIN. Muscle/tendon injury

STRAIN

SPRAIN or STRAIN. Muscle to bone

SPRAIN

SPRAIN or STRAIN. Bone to bone

• Massive Hemorrhage (Learn this pls)

• Airway: Establish & maintain clear airway

• Respiration: Assess breathing, treat life-threatening conditions

• Circulation: Evaluate perfusion, manage fluid loss

• Hypothermia (Learn this pls)

What does the MARCH protocol stand for in trauma?

• Average time to bleed out: 3-5 minutes

• Average time for first responders: 7-10 minutes

• Therefore: Bystanders are critical!

What are the key facts about bleeding control?

EPINEPHRINE

Treatment for anaphylaxis

0.3 mg to 0.5 mg

How is IM epinephrine administered for anaphylaxis? (For adults)

HEAT EXHAUSTION

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Pale, cool, clammy skin

HEAT STROKE

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Red, hot, dry or damp skin

HEAT EXHAUSTION

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Nausea/vomiting

HEAT EXHAUSTION

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Profuse sweating

HEAT STROKE

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. No sweating

HEAT STROKE

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Confusion, slurred speech

HEAT EXHAUSTION

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Weak, rapid pulse

HEAT STROKE

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Strong, rapid pulse

HEAT STROKE

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Temperature >103°F (40°C)

HEAT EXHAUSTION

HEAT EXHAUSTION or HEAT STROKE. Normal/slightly elevated temp