APUSH Gilded Age-Progressives

Progressive movement

Nationwide reform addressing injustices that arose during the Gilded Age, emphasizing government regulation, social justice, and democracy.

Presidents during Progressive Era

Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, 1901-1909), William Taft (Republican, 1909-1913), and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat, 1913-1921).

Initiative

It allows citizens to propose legislation.

Referendum

Allows citizens to vote on laws

Recall

It allows voters to remove elected officials from office.

Australian Ballot

A system of secret voting.

Direct Primary

A process where party candidates are chosen by voters.

What did the 17th Amendment establish?

The direct election of US senators.

16th Amendment

It established a federal income tax.

What did the 18th Amendment enforce?

Prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment

It granted women the right to vote.

Sherman Antitrust Act

It was used aggressively by Theodore Roosevelt to combat monopolies.

Clayton Antitrust Act

strengthened antitrust laws and protections for labor.

Federal Reserve Act

It established the central banking system of the United States.

Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

These two pieces of legislation resulted in the federal regulation of food safety.

Upton Sinclair

He wrote 'The Jungle,' which led to the Meat Inspection Act.

Jacob Riis’ 'How the Other Half Lives'

criticized and exposed urban poverty.

What did Ida Tarbell's 'The History of Standard Oil' expose?

Monopolies.

Child labor

John Spargo addressed this issue in “Bitter Cry of the Children”

Jane Addams

Founding Hull House and advocating for social reform.

Mother Jones

A labor rights and child labor reformer.

Carrie Chapman

She was involved with NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association).

What was Alice Paul's contribution to women's suffrage?

She was a leader of the NWP (National Woman's Party) and advocated for militant suffrage activism.

What did Frances Willard promote?

She was involved with the WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union) and advocated for temperance and women's rights.

What was the Progressive philosophy regarding government?

The government should be more active and responsible, using science to solve problems and promote social justice and democracy.

What were some economic and labor reforms during the Progressive Era?

Regulation of big business, child labor restrictions, minimum wage laws, and labor protections.

What was the outcome of Lochner v. New York?

It struck down a law limiting the workday to 10 hours.

Muller v. Oregon

this court case upheld labor laws protecting women workers.

Muller v. Oregon

case was over regulations aimed at reducing the number of hours women could work.

Environmental reforms in the Progressive Era

led by Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot.

What was the purpose of the US Forest Service?

To manage and protect national forests.

Newlands Acts

promoted irrigation and development projects in the Western United States.

What was the public sentiment during the Progressive Era?

A growing middle class demanded reforms, labor unions gained popularity, urban voters supported social welfare reforms, and rural Americans focused on temperance and moral reform.

Aspect of society that the Progressives ignored

Ignored racial equality

President Wilson

He resegregated the federal government.

Social Gospel Movement

A Protestant movement applying Christian morality to address social issues like poverty and inequality.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed political corruption and working injustices.

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

It exposed unsanitary conditions in meatpacking and prompted food safety legislation.

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Mandated the federal inspection of meat packing facilities.

'The Bitter Cry of the Children'

exposed child labor abuses in coal mines.

Jacob Riis's 'How the Other Half Lives'

Photojournalism that showed urban living conditions and humanized poverty.

What did Ida Tarbell expose in her writings?

Rockefeller's monopolistic practices in 'The History of Standard Oil Company'.

What did Ida B. Wells advocate for?

Anti-lynching efforts and civil rights, and she helped found the NAACP.

‘Shame of the Cities'

revealed corrupt alliances between big business and city officials.

Australian ballot

A secret ballot system to ensure private voting.

What is a direct primary?

A system where voters choose nominees, reducing the control of political machines.

17th Amendment

Direct election of Senators.

Initiative

A process where citizens can propose laws through petitions.

What does recall allow voters to do?

Remove public officials from office.

Mother Jones

A labor leader who supported coal miners and child labor reform.

What was the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

An organization advocating for temperance, suffrage, and moral reforms.

What tactics did the National Woman's Party (NWP) use to advocate for suffrage?

Aggressive tactics like picketing the White House.

18th Amendment

established the prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Theodore Roosevelt

His domestic policy focused on conservation, consumer protection, and corporate regulation.

Sherman Antitrust Act

It outlawed monopolies and was reinforced by Progressives.

What was the outcome of Northern Securities v. US (1904)?

The Supreme Court dissolved Morgan's railroad trust, marking TR's first trust-busting success.

Newlands Act

promoted irrigation and economic development in the West.

Who was Gifford Pinchot?

A conservationist who promoted sustainability.

Bull Moose Party

A Progressive party formed by Theodore Roosevelt that encouraged Progressive reforms.

Pullman Strike

led by Eugene V. Debs, company owners refused to meet with workers to hear their requests for higher wages, lower rents, and better working conditions

Woodrow Wilson

His victory solidified the national influence of Progressives.

Wilson's 'Triple Wall of Privilege'

Targeted tariffs, trusts, and banks.

Broadened the federal role in economic oversight during Wilson's presidency

The Federal Reserve Act (1913).

What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act?

To create a federal reserve that controlled the money supply and interest rates.

Clayton Antitrust Act

It strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, protected unions, and banned monopolistic practices.

Booker T. Washington

An African American leader who promoted self-improvement and gradualism, and founded the Tuskegee Institute.

WEB Du Bois

He called for immediate action and co-founded the NAACP.

What does NAACP stand for?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Gilded Age

An era that appeared prosperous but was plagued by corruption, inequality, and exploitation.

What major economic trends occurred during the Gilded Age?

Rapid industrial growth, urbanization, immigration, and big business.

What political system dominated the Gilded Age?

Laissez-faire capitalism.

Name two Republican presidents during the Gilded Age.

Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes.

What was the primary support base of the Republican Party during the Gilded Age?

Industrialists, bankers, Union veterans, African Americans, and rural Protestants.

Democratic ideals during the Gilded Age

Lower tariffs, limited federal government, and states' rights.

Main concern of Populist Party

The frustration of farmers, especially in the South and West.

Populist Party economic policies

Bimetallism, government control of railroads, graduated income tax, and direct election of senators.

Key figures in big business during the Gilded Age

Rockefeller (oil), Carnegie (steel), Vanderbilt (railroads), JP Morgan (finance).

What economic issue arose due to over-speculation during the Gilded Age?

Economic depressions.

What was the Second Industrial Revolution known for?

The rise of heavy industries like steel and coal.

New Immigrants

Massive immigration from Southeast Europe.

Consequences of rapid urbanization

Overcrowded tenements and increased social inequality.

Labor unrest and unionization

Common response to anger about the workforce

Political characteristics of the Gilded Age

Machine politics, spoils system, and patronage.

Public

this group generally felt anger with government due to corruption.

Gilded Age

coined by Mark Twain; it criticized post-Civil War corruption and inequality.

Social Darwinism

this economic theory justified monopolies and opposed government intervention

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists criticized for exploitative tactics.

laissez-faire economics

A philosophy favoring minimal regulation of the economy.

John D. Rockefeller

Founded Standard Oil and used horizontal integration to control the oil industry.

Andrew Carnegie’s 'Gospel of Wealth'

Promoted the belief that the rich should use their wealth to benefit society.

What was the outcome of the Homestead Strike of 1892?

Violence occurred, leading to government intervention and a decline in labor union power.

Dawes Act

To assimilate Native Americans by breaking up tribal land into individual plots.

What was the significance of the Battle of Little Bighorn?

It was a major victory for the Sioux against US forces.

Pendleton Act

A merit-based civil service system to end the spoils system.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

The first major federal immigration restriction that banned Chinese labor immigration.

Social Gospel Movement

Urged Christians to address urban and labor problems.

Ellis Island

It was the main immigration processing center for European immigrants.

What did the term 'Yellow Peril' refer to?

Anti-Asian xenophobia and racial paranoia.

What was the outcome of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

It was crushed by federal troops, marking a significant moment in labor history.