cardiovascular physiology

blood

classified as a connective tissue

plasma

the liquid portion, buffers the pH of the blood near 7.4, transports large organic molecules in blood, and clots

plasma and pressure

maintains the bloods osmotic pressure due to protein presence

osmotic pressure

the net pressure in the blood that moves fluid from the tissues into the circulatory system

hydrostatic pressure

pushes fluid into the tissues by the pressure of the blood pumping from the heart

formed elements

the cell portion of blood, consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Serum

identical to plasma, but with the clotting proteins removed, centrifuged after clotting

red blood cells

small biconcave disks that carry oxygen, most abundant cell, contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules

red blood cell manufacturing

continuously in red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and long bone ends

red blood cell life

mature red blood cells are anucleate when released, have a lifespan of 120 days then are destroyed in the liver and spleen

hemoglobin

contains iron to combine loosely with oxygen to help carry oxygen, is recycled when red blood cells are destroyed

white blood cells

AKA leukocytes, larger with a larger nucleus, and lack hemoglobin, destroy foreign materials at injury sites

pus

contains many dead white blood cells that have fought the infection

granulocytes

have granules in the cytoplasm, include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

agranulocytes

do not have granules in the cytoplasm

lymphocytes

include T

blood platelets

involved in coagulation (blood clotting) to stop bleeding, fragments of megakaryocytes

megakaryocyte

large bone marrow predecessor

coagulation cascade

a series of events to start the blood clotting mechanism, when platelets release chemicals

prothrombin activator

converts prothrombin to thrombin, released by platelets and injured tissues

fibrinogen

a protein manufactured by the liver that freely floats in the blood, converted to fibrin by thrombin

fibrin

winds around the platelet plug to provide the framework for the clot

platelet plug

the network of fibrin and platelets together to stop bleeding, temporary

plasmin

destroys the fibrin network and restores the fluidity of plasma, releases when blood vessel repair is initiated

pulmonary circuit

the right circuit, sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

systemic circuit

the left circuit, sends the oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body

pulmonary arteries

the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart

pulmonary veins

carries oxygenated blood to the heart via the left atrium

systole

contraction of heart chambers

diastole

relaxation of heart chambers

cardiac cycle

a heartbeat

First part of cardiac cycle

.15 seconds the atria contracts and the ventricles relax

second part of cardiac cycle

.30 seconds the ventricles contract and the atria relax

third part of cardiac cycle

.40 seconds all chambers relax

lub dub

the sound the heart makes as the valves close

lub

when the atrioventricular valves close

dub

when the semilunar valves close

systolic pressure

from blood being forced in the arteries during ventricular systole

diastolic pressure

pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole

sphygmomanometer

medical equipment that measures blood pressure, the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through the brachial artery

heart rate

regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system

SA node

(sinoatrial node) small mass of cardiac muscle in the right atrium, controls the cardiac cycle and spreads impulses to the atria

AV node

(atrioventricular node) where the impulse travels after the atria

Bundle of His

receives the impulse from the AV node, then sends it to the ventricular apex

Purkinje fibers

receives the impulse from the ventricular apex and causes the left and right ventricles to contract

Electrocardiogram

EKG/ECG, measures the electrical impulses in the heart

P wave

Atrial depolarization and atrial systole

QRS complex

Ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole

T wave

Ventricular repolarization and ventricular diastole

Syncope

fainting as a result of a lack of blood flow to the brain from a drop in arterial blood pressure

edema

a buildup of fluid in the body, can be caused by heart failure

pulmonary edema

a backup of fluid in the lungs from left sided heart failure

congestive heart failure

backup of fluid in the lungs

peripheral edema

backup of fluid in the body/limbs from right sided heart failure

hypertension

blood pressure higher than 120/80

atherosclerosis

an accumulation of soft masses of fatty material inside arteries

plaque

deposits of fatty materials in the inner linings of the arteries, can protrude into blood vessels and cause clots

thrombus

a stationary blood clot

embolus

a dislodged and moving blood clot

thromboembolism

an embolus that becomes lodged in a vessel as it travels

pulmonary thromboembolism

a blockage of a major artery in the lungs, causes shortness of breath and angina

infarction

when the blood vessel is entirely blocked by a thrombus or embolism, causes tissue death and possibly total death

myocardial infarction

heart attack, when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen

angina pectoris

chest pain that radiated into the left arm, caused during a coronary artery blockage

streptokinase and tPA

medications given intravenously to dissolve a clot, converts plasminogen into plasmin, and enzyme to dissolve blood clots

angioplasty

a procedure where a tube is inserted into an artery and guided towards the heart, it is ballooned at the plaque to open the vessel

coronary artery bypass surgery

a segment of another blood vessel is stitched to the end of the aorta and the coronary artery past the point of obstruction