BIO 120 Final

What are the 3 domains of life?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

What are the 4 most common elements found in cells?

H, C, N, O

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons

Name two things that made water a great solvent for early earth?

It is polar, unique shape allows it to absorb more heat, hydrogen bonds are weaker than other bonds.

What is the difference between hydrophobix and hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic is water-opposing and hydrophilic is water loving

What does an enzyme do to activation energy?

Lowers it

What are the 3 steps of catalysis?

initiation, transition state facilation, termination

name the purines

adenine, guanine

Name the pyrimidens

cytosine, uracil, thymine

What is the bond between two nucleotides called?

Phosphodiester

What does it mean that DNA is semi-conservative

Half is old, half is new

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis Optional, the breakdown of hydrophobic toxins

What are the 3 types of cytoskeletal elements?

Actin filaments(microfilaments), intermediate filaments, microtubules

What is the name of the direct connections between cells in plants, and what is the analogous structure in animals called?

plasmodesmata, gap junction

How is the cytokinesis different in plants and animals?

a cell plate forms, a cleavage furrow forms when a ring of actin and myosin filaments contract

What are the electron carriers in glycolysis?

NADH and FADH2

What reaction in photosynthesis in reverse of teh kreb’s cycle in glycolysis?

The calvin cycle, or the light-independent reaction

What are the three types of phosphorylation and when do they occur?

Oxidative phosphoylation-ETC of Glycolysis

Substrate-level phophorylation-Glycolysis and krebs cycle of glycolysis

Photophosphoylation-photosynthesis

Name the phases of mitosis:

Prophase, pro-metaphase,metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the most common extracellular matrix protein fiber?

Collagen

What organnelle has a low pH and is used for digestion?

Lysosome

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic processes?

Catabolic processes breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules while anabolic is building smaller subunits into larger molecules

What are key distinctions for each level of protein struction?, Primary

linear sequence of amino acids

What are key distinctions for each level of protein struction?,

secondary

Hydrogen bonds to form a helix and b pleated sheets

What are key distinctions for each level of protein struction?,

tertiary

one or more protein secondary structures

What are key distinctions for each level of protein struction?,

Quatemary

Number and arrengment of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex

What is the cell theory?

All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells

Name the monomer that makes up proteins?

Amino acid

Who discovered DNA is a double helix

Watson and Crick

How many bonds hold adenine and thymine together?

2 hydrogen bonds

How many bonds hold guanine and cytosine together

3 hydrogen bonds

Name the bond that holds lipids together?

Ester linkages

What do animals store sugar as?

Glycogen

List three differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturate fats may include many hydrogen bonds, are straight, and are rigid.

Unsaturated fats are held together by many double bonds, they curve, and take up more space/

How does diffusion differ from osmosis?

Diffusion is the movement of solutes

Osmosis is the movement of water

What is the fundamental unit of life?

Cell

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

Peptidoglycan

How do plant and animal cells differ?

Plant cell have a large central vacuole, cell walls, and chloroplasts

Animal cells have centrioles

Where do oxidation reactions occur?

Peroxisomes

What is the function of a kinetochore?

Microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division, which allows the chromosomes to be pulled apart at anaphase

This material composes the chromosomes of a cell?

Chromatin

What is the difference between photosystem 1 and photosystem 2?

Photosystem 1 optimally absorbs photons at a wavelength of 700 nm and PS2 absorbs photons at a wavelength of 680nm

What is the last electron acceptor in photophosphoylation and what enzyme does it reduce?

Ferredoxin and NADP+

What is the role of plastoquinone in photosynthesis?

Accepts electrons from PS2 and transports them to PS1

What are the products of photosynthesis

Glucose, oxygen and water

What are the products of cellular respiration

CO2 water and ATP

Explain phagocytosis?

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

Viruses what are they composed of and what do they do?

Protein coat and DNA or RNA

Invade cells and use their transcription/translation machinery to replicate more viruses

By what process are polymers formed?

Dehydration synthesis