DNA MIDTERMS -TRANSLATION

our body reads the mRNA code into 3 groups of nucleotides

codon

Brings amino acids in the Ribosomes during Translation to make proteins

tRNA

What will bring amino acids to our tRNA?

ATP

why do we need ATP

we need energy to couple the amino acid to the nucleotide

Main Goal of Adenosine Monophosphate with Amino Acid

We need to transfer the amino acid to our tRNA

transfer the amino acid to our tRNA is made possible by the enzyme

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Amino acid can connect to our tRNA in 2 ways

1.) 3’ prime end bonding

2.) 2’ prime end bonding

tRNA with Amino Acid

charged tRNA

process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain

Translation

ribosomes read how many codon at one time?

1 codon at a time

3 stages of Translation

1. Initiation (AUG)

2. Elongation

3. Termination

what is the start codon

AUG (Methionine)

this is needed to start the translation process

initiation complex

what are under initiation complex

a. initiation factor

b. mRNA

c. small ribosomal subunit

d. initial Met-tRNAMet

e. GTP

initiation complex

• molecules that aids or facilitates the process

initiation factors

initiation complex

• because nasa mRNA yung genetic sequence, nandito ang codons

mRNA

initiation complex

• because translation happens in the ribosomes (pero, in the initiation complex, we just need the small part. big/large ribosomal subunit different function din na nasa elongation)

small ribosomal unit

initiation complex

• methionine in initiation complex

Initial Met-tRNAMet

initiation complex

• another source of energy

GTP

what is inside the large ribosomal subunit

sites (E,P,A)

during start of translation, where does methionine always go? what site?

P site

new tRNA will enter what site?

A site

what is the anti codon of methionine

UAC

how does our body know that the correct tRNA has entered the ribosomes?

using the anticodon

what are the different sites

A site - Aminoacyl

P site - Peptidyl

E site - Exit

once the complex is already there, we need to form the peptide bonds (the growing amino acid chains to make proteins)

elongation

positioning of the second tRNA

elongation

function of the second tRNA

tRNA will bring another amino acid

amino acid join together

peptide bond formation

under elongation

a. positioning of the second tRNA

b. peptide bond formation

c. translocation

how to know if the tRNA is correct for that codon?

dapat correct ang anti codon

factor that brings another tRNA to the A site

Elongation Factor-Tu (EF-Tu)

enzyme responsible to bond amino acid to form peptide bond

peptidyl transferase

this is under elongation

Translocation

elongation: positioning the next tRNA requires

• correct tRNA

• GTP

• Elongation Factors

for us to remove the tRNA that does not carry the amino acid anymore

translocation

2 states under translocation

1. pretranslocational state

2. posttranslocational state

what are required for termination

a. release factors

b. GTP

c. nonsense codons/stop codons

3 nonsense codons/stop codons

UAG

UAA

UGA

What is the other term for tRNA that carries amino acid?

charged tRNA

What is the anticodon of the the met-tRNA

UAG (from AUG)

What is required for tRNA translation to happen during translation

EFG and GTP (facilitate the translocation process)

What protein brings more tRNA to the A site of the large ribosomal subunit?

ED-Tu

What enzyme transfers and connects another amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain?

Peptidyl transferase