Mass Communications Exam 1

What comprises mass communciation?

television, radio, film, newspapers, & magazines

What are the characteristics of mass communication?

Mass audiences, historically modern, for-profit businesses, involves technology, one-way communication

What is the communication technology of the oral communication culture?

Speech

What is the communication technology of the written communication culture?

Writting/alphabet

What is the communication technology of the print communication culture?

Moveable type/printing press

What is the communication technology of the electronic communication culture?

Telegraph

What is the communication technology of the digital communication culture?

Computer

What culture is face-to-face knowledge passed generation to generation?

Oral

Poetry plays a central role in what culture?

Oral

Which culture is met with distrust?

Written

What are the two kinds of written culture?

Ideogrammatic & Syllabic/phonetic

What was the first culture that communication became able to cross distance and time without people

Written

What revolution led to print culture?

Gutenberg

What was the Gutenberg Revolution?

The first one to come up with a moveable type

How did monks make bibles before the Gutenberg Revolution?

Pictures

How did the Gutenberg Revolution help with accessibility of the bible?

Made it more affordable; before this, the bible was for the rich

reading became less of a luxury and more of a necessity

Electronic culture separates ____ from ___

Communication; transportation

Electronic communication altered the way human think about what?

Space and time

What new electronic altered language and why?

You had to pay for each word so it was condensed

How did electronic culture change the nature of information?

News became a commodity

How did electronic culture lead to an unprecedented speed of production and organizations?

Telegraph stations

How did electronic culture lead to a new brand of imperialism

Not waiting for letters to cross the ocean

Mass communication cultures

Written, Print, Electronic, & Digital

What is convergence?

The combining together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment

What are the types of convergence?

Technological, economic, & cultural

Technological convergence changes the use and perception of _______ technologies?

Traditional

What is economic convergence?

Merging of internet or telecommunication companies with traditional media companies

What is consolidation?

Traditional media companies growing fewer and much larger through mergers and acquisitions

How many independent media companies own most media interests within the US?

50

What is cultural convergence?

The globalization of media content and consumption, creation, and distribution of content

Cultural convergence shifts ___ audience to ____ that produces and shares content cheaply

Passive; public

What is a centralized media organization?

Functions of media are controlled by a single individual or unit

What is a converged media organization?

Functions of media may be decentralized via the internet, inviting more diffuse methods of production, distribution, marketing, and advertising

What are hyperlinks?

Connects online content to other content and stories

What are digital natives?

Grew up with digital media

What are digital immigrants?

Grew up with analog media

What is digitized content?

computer-readable media transforming production cycle and process

What is 24/7 media environment?

The ability to always be "on" and "connected"

What is viral marketing?

Rapid information travel through internet "word-of-mouth"

What is peer-to-peer?

Individual file sharing

What is user-generated content (UGC)?

Digital media that enables audiences to develop content

What is traditional mass communication?

One-way communication from source; typically large, anonymous, heterogeneous audience

What is converged audience communication?

Interactive model, able to create and distribute own content if desired

What is citizen journalism?

Interactive relationship where audiences contribute to story content and/or correction

What is behavioral targeting?

Advertising technique drawn from information we share through our digital footprint

What are cookies?

Information archived on hard drives that allows for digital tracking of our web habits

What is mass communication?

Communication to a large group or groups of people largely unknown to the sender of the message

What is mass media?

Technological means of communicating between large numbers of people distributed widely over space or time

What is the traditional model of mass communciation?

Content creators represent and define reality

What is synchronous media?

Audiences assemble simultaneously for broadcast, transmission, or event

What is asynchronous media?

Audiences can attend on their own time, such as with printed materials or recorded audio or video

What is time shift?

Recording of an audio or video event for later

What is interpersonal communication?

Communication between 2+ individuals, often in a small group, although it can involve communication between a live speaker and an audience

What is traditional interpersonal communication?

Usually interactive and tends not to be anonymous, flows at least 2 ways, involves both verbal and nonverbal messages

What is mediated interpersonal communciation?

Takes place through an external medium, visual cues often absent, online medium blurs lines between interpersonal and mass communication

True or false: Digital media blurs lines between interpersonal and mass communication, each adopting characteristics of the other

True

What are the functions of mass communcation?

Surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission, entertainment

What is surveillance?

Provides information about process, issues, events, and other developments in sociey

What is correlation?

Media interpretation ascribing meaning to issues and events to help individuals understand their role with the larger society and culture

What is cultural transmission?

Process of passing of culturally relevant knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values from person to person or group to group

What is entertainment?

Providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment

What is media literacy?

The process of critically analyzing media content by considering its particular presentation, its underlying political or social messages, and its media ownership or regulation

What makes mediated communication different?

Constructed messages in media are made to look natural

What are semiotics?

The study of signs and symbols; theoretical approach to media literacy

What is a sign comprised of?

a signifier (form) and signified (what form represents)

What is framing?

Particular presentation and communication of message influences our perception of it

True or false: Like signs, frames appear natural and often go unquestioned

True

What is the echo effect?

A phenomenon that occurs when people surround themselves with online voices that echo their own, reinforcing their views and beliefs that those opinion are Sin majority when they may noy be

What were Socrates and Plato worried about with media effect?

Influence of literacy on children

What media effect is contemporary researchers concerned with?

Influence of internet and video games

What is media grammar?

Medium's underlying rules, structures, and patterns that influence audience use and understanding

What are radio actualities?

edited clips from interviews with people

What are radio voice-overs?

Unseen announcer or narrator talking while other activities take place

What is recorded music?

Particular stylistic conventions including song length and music format

What is a film laugh track?

A device that generates pre-recorded laughter time to coincide with punchlines of jokes

What is a hyperlink?

Online text linked by HTML coding to another web page or website that adopts front traditional forms while creating new ways to interact with media

What are the implications of commercial media?

The average media consumer rarely considers commerical factor that shape media content, and economic factors and corporate decisions influence everything

What are commercial-media debate critics?

Greater influence means greater need to publicly fund media

What are commercial-media debate proponents?

Profit motive remains key incentive to produce quality content

What is a media oligopoly?

A marketplace that media ownership and diversity are severly limited and the actions of any single media group affects its competitors substantially

How do successful media enterprises become larger?

Purchasing/merging with other media enterprises

What is the effect of a greater concentration of ownership to a poorly served public?

Less diversity of media voices, minority and non-mainstream views may be silences

What is media bias?

A real or perceived viewpoint held by journalists and news organizations that slants news coverage unfairly, contrary to professional journalism's stated goals of balanced coverage and objectivity

What are the functions of print media?

Transmission of culture, diffusion of ideas and knowledge, and entertainment

What is the function of books?

Compilation of comprehensive knowledge in single document considered a vital, even sacred, endeavor

What highlights the enduring cultural relevance and authority of books even in the digital age?

Burning books, protests, and censorship

What were books originally made of?

Animal skins/parchment, papyrus, and paper

What are the types of books?

Tablets, scrolls, codex, and books

What is a codex?

a book of individually bound pages

What are monastic scribes?

Specially trained monks, or scribes, copied religious and classical works, used calligraphy and rich illustrations

Who was Johannes Gutenberg?

German printer credited with creating the first mechanical printing press in 1455 with the publication of the Gutenberg Bible

What are the effects of print media?

Mass communication, mass literacy, and cheaper/ smaller books

What kind of books made books cheaper and smaller?

Dime novels, mass-market paperbacks, print-on-demand, ebooks

What is the contemporary issues of books?

Patterns of books sales are unsteady

How do book markets vary?

By category

What type of book has the largest portion of sales?

Textbooks

What is the most important function of newspapers?

Surveillance, informing the public of important events

What are the two types of newspapers?

Local and national

What are commercial newspapers?

The first newspapers were published by merchants handout shipping news

What are partisan press newspapers?

Newspapers sponsored by political parties