BIOL 251A Bacteria Flashcards Exam 1

Ch 1-4 Bacteria

Rhizobium

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

• SYMBIOTIC = mutualism

• produce ammonia = biofertilizer

• live in root nodules of legumes

Mycobacterium species

• OBLIGATE AEROBES: need air to live

• mycolic acid = Acid-Fast stain/bacteria —> HARD TO KILL

• high GC content (DNA grouping)

• SAPROPHYTIC = decomposer

Mycobacterum tuberculosis

• cause TB —> respiratory infection

• slow-growing

• has mycolic acid —> protects bacteria from antibiotics and need Acid-fast stain

Mycobacterum leprae

• cause LEPROSY —> peripheral body region infection

• thru respiratory droplets and long contact

Corynebacterium species

• COMMENALS —> found in human skin

• SAPROPHYTIC

• HIGH GC

• opportunistic pathogens but often harmless

Corynebacterium dihptheriae

• cause DIPTHERIA —> respiratory tract infection

• produce toxin

Clostridium species

• OBLIGATE ANAEROBES: die in air —> love low O2 places (dust, sewage)

• form ENDOSPORES

• Gram + rods

• produces toxin

Clostridium botulinum

• FOOD POISONING ; produce toxin

• infect infants

• ENDOSPORES in soil

Clostridium perfringens

• cause MYONECROSIS (gas gangrene) — destroys muscle tissues

• FOOD POISONING

• wound infections

Clostridium tetani

• cause TETANUS (lockjaw) — painful muscle spasms

• produce tetanospasim (neurotoxin)

• TDAP vaccine

Clostridium difficile

• cause COLITIS — colon infection

• spores in POOP yuck — spread from person to person —> people in long term antibiotic use most vulnerable — ppl in hospitals

Low G+C bacteria (Lactobacillales)

• Streptococcus,

Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus,

Leuconostoc

— PRODUCE LACTIC ACID

-— AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES

Streptococcus species

• OBLIGATE FERMENTERS (lactic acid bacteria)

• Gram + cocci —> grow in chains

• lyse RBC on blood agar — LANCEFIELD GROUPING & HEMOLYSIS

Streptococcus pyogenes

• cause STREP THROAT, skin infections, fasciitis

• BETA hemolytic complete clearing)

• GROUP A

• PYGOENIC: produce pus

• sometimes normal flora

Streptococcus pneumoniae

• cause BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA, —itis

• VIRULENT due to capsule

• ALPHA hemolytic (partial)

• non Lancefield group

• Gram + cocci

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)

• NORMAL FLORA FOR WOMEN —> vagina and GI

• GROUP B

• may cause NEONATAL SEPSIS

Lactobacillus species

• AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES

• fermentative due to lactic acid

• PROBIOTIC; not pathogenic

L. acidophilus

• PROBIOTIC and NORMAL FLORA — vagina, mouth, GI

Low G+C bacteria (Bacilli)

• Bacillus and Staphylococcus

Bacillus species

• form ENDOSPORES

• Gram + rods

• OBLIGATE AEROBES

• source of antibiotics and from soil

Bacillus anthracis

• cause ANTHRAX — in poop and affected animals

Bacillus cereus

• may cause FOOD POISONING — from unpasteurized milk —> milky white

• less harmful

Staphylococcus species

• coccus = ROUND

• HALOPHILIC = salt-loving (skin)

• FACULATATIVE ANAEROBIC - get energy from oxygen

Staphylococcus epidermidis

• skin, mucuous membrane

• NON PATHOGENIC if healthy and NO VIRULENCE FACTOR

• infects intravenous catheters

Staphylococcus aureus

• nasal membrane

• PATHOGENIC —> enterotoxin —> FOOD POISON and TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

MRSA (methicillin) and VRSA (vancomycin)

• ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT strains of S. aureus

• MRSA —> infects hospitals (HA-MRSA) and communities (CA-MRSA)

Mycoplasmas

• NO CELL WALL —> not stained in GRAM STAIN

• stained in basic dye

• cause WALKING PNEUMONIA via respiratory droplets

Gammaproteobacteria

• largest Gram - bacteria in Proteobacteria

Pseudomonas

• AEROBIC, DONT FERMENT

• make PIGMENTS in wound

• thrive in harsh nutrient poor environment —> form biofilm

• cause infections in MANY BODY AREAS

Vibrio species

• curved rod, Gram -

• FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

• in WATER and thru water contact

Vibrio cholerae

• CHOLERA —> hypersecrete water and electrolytes in large intestine —> diarrhea and dehydration

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

• cause GI DISEASE

Vibrio vulnificus

• cause serious CELLULITIS and FLESH EATING disease

Legionella pneumophila

• LIKE PNEUMONIA — LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE

• Gram -

• OBLIGATE AEROBES

• water systems/aircon

Enterobacteriaciae

• ENTERIC BACTERIA —> GI TRACT

• in gammaproteobacterial

• COLIFORM or NON COLIFORM (Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia)

Escherichia coli

• found in INTESTINE

• INDICATOR SPECIES for poop contamination

• produce SHIGA TOXIN —> X protein synthesis, cause intestinal inflammation

Salmonella

• cause GASTROENTERITIS

• in livestock animals and foodborne pathogen

Salmonella enterobacterica

• cause TYPHOID FEVER —> water and food unsafe, fever as symptoms

Haemophilus influenzae

• pleimorphic, Gram-

• ENCAPSULATED stain

• cause MENINGITIS (invasive and noninvasive)

Betaproteobacteria

• NESSIERA MENINGITIDIS

• GRAM - coccus, normal flora of pharnyx

• has POLYSACCHARIDE CAPSULE if cause disease