Bio 107L Final Ch 9-11

Guttation

excess water secreted from hydathodes (pores) in leaves (tomato plant)

Transpiration

water vapor exits through stomata

Angiosperms

flowering plants

Monocots

Seeds have 1 cotyledon (“seed leaf” produced by the embryo that absorbs nutrients in the seed),  flowers have three floral parts (or multiples), Leaves are narrow, with parallel veins, vascular bundles are scattered, fibrous roots

Dicots

Two cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular bundles, net-like veins, 4 or 5 petals

Vascular bundle

tube-like tissues that flow through plants & transport substances to various parts of the plant

Xylem

transports water/minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant they’re one way only

Phloem

transports nutrients and photosynthesis products (sugar) to all parts of the plant. They have two way movement

Roots

absorb water & minerals, support/anchor the plant in the ground, and storage of water and/or starch

Parts of a root

Root cap, region of cell division, and region of cell elongation

Root cap

Protective layer of root

Region of cell division

In a root, this is where mitosis is occurring and new cells are constantly being made

Region of cell elongation

In a root, this is where cells are increasing in length and cell walls are thickening

Stem

 transport of water, dissolved minerals, sugars, nutrients, and plant hormones; provide support for leaves

Parts of stem

Epidermis, cortex and pith

Epidermis

Provides protection in the stem

Cortext

In a stem, this is responsible for the storage of starch/water, transports water and nutrients between vascular bundle & other cells

Pith

 central part of stem, storage of starch/water

Meristem

region where cells are constantly dividing and growing

Apical meristem

 responsible for the primary upward growth of the plant and is located at the tip of the stem

Apical bud/meristem

primary, upward growth of plant

Axillary bud/meristem

 meristems that produce leaves, flowers and branches

Petiole

attaches leaf to stem

 Blade

flattened part of leaf

Nodes

part of stem where leaves are attached

Internodes

part of stem between nodes

Leaves

primary site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

Parts of leaf

Epidermis, palisade layer, and spongy mesophyll

Epidermis

contains guard cells and stomata for gas exchange

Palisade layer

tightly packed cells that contain majority of chloroplasts

Spongy mesophyll

 contains air spaces that facilitate gas exchange; some chloroplasts are present in this layer

Stomata

 small openings typically found on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange

Guard cells

 directly control the opening and closing of stomata

Modifications

spines, tendrils, bracts, rhizome (underground stem), tuber (fleshy/swollen stem), bulbs (stem reduced to disk)

Simple

1 layer

Stratified

series of layers

Squamous

flat, “square”

Cuboidal

 “cube”

Columnar

taller, “column”

Hormone

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action

Auxins

Produced in the apical meristem, responsible for apical dominance which suppresses growth in lateral buds so that the plant grows taller rather than outward. They also stimulate the stomata to open

Ethylene

 “ripening” hormone, causes epinastic growth which occurs when the upper side of a leaf grows faster than the lower side so the leaves curl downward

Gibberellins (GA)

 involved in regulating a variety of processes, including seed germination, stem elongation, flowering, and flower development

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

 Inhibits growth in seeds and buds, causes stomata to close

Cytokinins

stimulate growth & differentiation in roots, helps to prevent aging (senescence) in fruits, flowers and leaves