Exam 2: Mamo and Bone Density

Compression improves image quality in mammography. Describe three different ways it does so.

Reduces magnification - increases resolution

Reduces tissue size - reduces scatter radiation

Reduces exposure - decreased thickness requires less exposure time

Reduces motion - immobilization

Improved visualization - structures are spread out over larger areas with less superimposition

Breast tissue is primarily made up of

fatty tissue

Mammography is unique in that

it is the only radiographic exam fully regulated by the federal government

The purpose of breast compression is to

decrease thickness

bring tissue closer to IR

increase contrast

Focal spot size in a mammography tube can range from

0.1mm to 0.3mm

The anode in mammography is usually composed of which element?

molybdenum

The filtration port of the x-ray tube in mammography is composed of

beryllium

Guidelines for mammography suggest a patient begin yearly screening mammograms at what age?

40

The majority of mammography machines utilize a ______ inch SID

24 to 30

The port of the x-ray tube in mammography is composed of

beryllium

The advantage to using low kVp in mammography is its ability to produce

a soft x-ray beam

a very low-energy x-ray beam

high radiographic contrast

One of the principal advantages of digital mammography is

the capacity to manipulate the image's contrast and brightness.

Magnification projections of the breast provide

a reduction in scatter radiation.

improved visibility of detail.

increased resolution.

preferred x-ray port material

Beryllium

optimizes mammography services nationwide

MSQA

optimum kVp range

25-28

digital tomosynthesis

expected to become the mammography gold standard

mammography SID

24-30

recommended for dense breasts

rhodium

Breast tissue is considered to have

low subject contrast

Breast compression during mammography

permits a lower kVp to be used.

reduces magnification.

improves spatial resolution.

Digital breast tomosynthesis is commonly referred to as

3-D mammography

Dedicated mammography machines use ____ generators.

single phase, high frequency

Which organization offers a voluntary accreditation program for mammography?

American College of Radiology

Which of the following is an example of a controllable risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

low body weight

All of the following are osteoporosis risk factors EXCEPT

salt intake

Fractures of the _______ have the highest degree of morbidity and mortality.

hip

Bone mineral content divided by the width of the total area scanned determines the

T-score

The resorption of bone is carried out by the action of

osteoclasts

80% of human skeletal mass is made up of

cortical bone

The radiation dose during DXA studies

permits easy compliance with ALARA principles

Which of the following is an example of an uncontrollable risk factor in developing osteoporosis?

family history

Proper patient positioning for DXA scans of the hip includes

internal rotations of the feet

The most commonly measured anatomical structures in DXA scanning are the

hip and spine

All of the following would be reason for additional views in mammography EXCEPT:

patient request

A disadvantage to using low kVp in mammography is

an increased patient dose

Approximately 1 in ___ women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime

8

The report system used for diagnosing and staging in mammography is known as

the BI-RAD system

The goal of a diagnostic mammogram is to

screen the entire breast

The type of generators used in dedicated mammography machines allows very precise exposure control of

kVp and mAs

The advantage of using molybdenum for the anode material in mammography tubes is

the production of an emission spectrum matching the low-subject contrast of the breast.

The use of a grid in mammography

increases patient exposure.

improves radiographic quality.

reduces scatter reaching the film

A modern DXA scanning system consists of all of the following EXCEPT

bucky assembly

Which of the following would be considered an advantage of Bone Densitometry

images produced are high-resolution quality so the results are precise

The formation of bone is carried out by the action of

osteoblasts

The purpose of using a small focal spot size in mammography is to

Decrease pneumbra

The advantage of using molybdenum for the anode material in mammography tube is

The production of an emission spectrum matching the low-subject contrast of breast

When performing mammography on a patient with breast Implants

manual techniques should be used

The prominent heel effect in mammography is the result of a

narrow target angle

A kyphoplasty involves

Inflating body of spine with a balloon and filling with cement

A significant loss of bone mass and bone density results in the condition of

osteoporosis

Which of the following is an example of a controllable risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

Low body weigh

The formation of bone is carried out by the action of

Osteoblasts

A modern DXA scanning system consists of all of the following EXCEPT

Bucky assembly

The amount of change in bone density required to be statistically confident that a real change has occurred is know as the

LSC

In healthy adults, peak bone mass occurs

In their twenties to mid thirties

The prominent heel effect in mammography is due to the

anode angle

Primary Type II osteoporosis

Is age related

Mammography x-ray tubes

are tilted to place the central ray at the chest wall

DXA scanning relies on the assessment of BMD for an individual and compares this value to

persons with peak bone mass in their thirties

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

uses two discrete gamma photon energies

All of the following are true of the bone remodeling process EXCEPT

it is influenced by hormones

osteoblast activity equals osteoclast activity in a healthy individual

osteoclast activity in excess can result in a loss of bone mass

it is a balanced activity between th action of osteocytes and chondrocytes

it is a balanced activity between th action of osteocytes and chondrocytes

In mammography, the kVp commonly used in clinical practice varies between ____ kVp

25 and 38