Thermal Energy

Do terms then definitions

Kinetic Energy

energy due to motion

potential energy

stored energy

PE+KE=ME

Macroscopic

PE+KE=Thermal E

Microscopic

Movement of atoms in solids

Vibrate in place clumped together

Movement of atoms in liquids

Slide around from side to side in a container

Movement of atoms in gases

Fly around in all directions, moving quickly and freely

Thermal Energy

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles that make up an material

Temperature

Represent the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material (greater the kinetic energy greater the temperature)

Water Boils

F=212

C=100

K=373

Body Temperature

F=98

C=37

K=310

Water Freezes

F=32

C=0

K=273

Absolute 0

F=-460

C=-273

K=0

Newton’s Law of Cooling

When one object is *much hotter* than another, it will transfer its **heat** *quickly* if one object is only *slightly warmer* than another, it will transfer **heat** to the cooler object much *more slowly*

Heat

The movement of **thermal energy** from a warmer object to a cooler object

Radiation

The transfer of **thermal energy** from 1 material to another by electromagnetic waves and can transfer **heat** through a solid, a liquid, or a gas (heat by location)

Conduction

The transfer of **thermal energy** between materials by the collisions of particles (heat by touch)

Convection

The transfer of **thermal energy** by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another and it only occurs in liquids and gases (heat by mixing)

Thermal Conductor

A material through which t**hermal energy** flows easily (low specific heat)

Thermal Insulator

A material through which **thermal energy** does **not** flow easily (high specific heat)

Specific Heat

The amount of **thermal energy** required to increase the **temperature** of 1 kg of a material by 1°C

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

**Heat** will naturally flow from a *hotter* object to a *colder* one, but will **not** naturally flow from a *colder* object to a *hotter* one

Thermal Contraction

A **decrease** in a material’s volume when its **temperature** **decreases**

Thermal Expansion

An **increase** in a material’s volume when its **temperature** **increases**

Convection Current

The movement of fluids in a cycle because of convection

Heating Appliances

Any device that is made to convert electric energy into thermal energy

Thermostat

A device that regulates the **temperature** of a system

Refrigerator

A device that uses electric energy to transfer **thermal energy** from a cooler location to a warmer location

Heat Engine

A machine that converts **thermal energy** into mechanical energy.  

Heat Engine Efficiency

Most heat engines only convert about 20% of their chemical potential energy into mechanical energy