APUSH Final Study Guide

What officially put an end to Reconstruction?

• Compromise of 1877

  • Rutherford B Hayes

Why were presidents of the Gilded Age called the “forgotten presidents”?

• They did not use the position of the federal government to enact any major programs or laws

• They let big business and tycoons bring the nation forward.

List the names of the “forgotten presidents”

• Ulysses S. Grant

• Rutherford B. Hayes

• James A. Garfield

• Chester A. Arthur

• Grover Cleveland

• Benjamin Harrison

• Grover Cleveland

Who did the courts, US Army, militias, and locals often side with during disputes between big business and workers?

• They often sided with big business.

Which ethnic group was discriminated against the most during the Gilded Age?

• The Chinese were the most discriminated group during the Gilded Age.

  • stated in Gilded Age Notes 3

What name is associated with segregation when it comes to public schools, public places, restrooms, drinking fountains, etc.?

• Jim Crow

What often split the workers during the Gilded Age from uniting?

• Racial differences

  Language barriers

Why weren’t the best men in politics?

• MONEY

• plutocracy was the government of that time period.

What was the FIRST big business of the Gilded Age that can be compared to the game of GO?

• Vanderbilt railroads

How did this business (railroads) have a positive impact on America?

• improved transportation

• connected the country

What was the difference between Captains of Industry and Robber Barons?

• Captains of Industry helped their workers and donated

  • gave back money to the community.

• Robber Barons were more selfish and didn’t care about the safety of their workers

  • swindled money.

What is a monopoly?

• When a business has full control over industry and different substances.

How does capitalism relate to Social Darwinism?

• The rich thrive and survive, while the poor die out from different causes.

Government tried to outlaw trusts thanks to what Act?

• The Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890

When employers made the workers sign oaths NOT to join a union, this was known as?

• Yellow Dog Contract

Which tycoon was a banker?

• John Pierpont “J.P.” Morgan

Which tycoon was the leader in steel?

• Andrew Carnegie

Which tycoon was the leader in oil?

• John Davidson “J.D.” Rockefeller

Who were the populists?

• The Populist Party was a left-wing, socialist party in the late 19th century that advocated for farmers and worker’s rights.

Which labor union was only for skilled workers?

• The American Federation of Labor (AF of L) was only for skilled workers.

What are PUSH and PULL factors for immigrants coming to America?

• People were pushed away from their homes due to warfare and famine (as was the case with Ireland and Germany)

• the new economic opportunities in the major cities and farms of America pulled people to the US. also came for religious freedom and the American Dream.

Why were immigrants needed in America?

• They were needed for work in factories; industry in America was growing at this time.

What is the difference between “melting pot” and “salad bowl”

• Melting pot = Everyone is mixed together and cultures “melt” into each other

• Salad Bowl = Everyone is mixed together but you can still see the things that set people apart (culture)

What did industry and immigration help create?

• Urbanization

What helped immigrants by providing them services and activities to adjust to American life?

• Hull House

In order to build railroads, mine coal, or dig gold, American pioneers often removed Native Americans from their land and moved them where?

• Reservations; moved them west of the Mississippi River.

Explain how Native Americans were treated by pioneers.

• Forced Assimilation

What did progressives hope to accomplish?

• The general goals of the Progressives were improving social problems, reforming local governments, improving labor conditions, democratizing the political process, and regulating big business

Who were muckrakers?

• Investigative journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics, hoping to bring about reform

Name some of the muckrakers

• Ida Tarbell

• Upton Sinclair

• Lincoln Steffens,

• Ida B. Wells

What were some of the reform efforts during the early 1900s?

• Settlement house movement

• women activist

• temperance movement

• women's suffrage

• workplace safety

• environmental reform

How did Teddy Roosevelt become president?

• Went into office after previous president McKinnely was assassinated

What were some of Teddy’s accomplishments?

• Big Stick Diplomacy

• Trusting Busting

• Roosevelt Corollary

• leading America out of the Gilded Age unlike the Forgotten Presidents

How did Teddy Roosevelt feel about businesses in America?

• He liked them but believed that they should behave more responsibly. (Trust busting)

What was the legacy of progressivism?

• Innovating standards (higher standards for minorities) for American citizen

• limited the role over big businesses

Which U.S. President warned us against making foreign alliances and to stay isolated?

• George Washington

Name the era where stronger nations took over weaker nations

• Imperialism

What ship explosion brought the U.S. into war vs. Spain?

• USS Maine

What is yellow journalism?

• Exaggerated stories presented by newspapers as truth

What factors brought the U.S. into the Spanish-American War?

• USS Maine

• Yellow Journalism

• intercepted letter

• sympathy for revolution

• jingoism

• nationalism

What document said that the U.S. was the international police power in the Western Hemisphere (upgrade from the Monroe Doctrine)?

• Roosevelt Corollary

What are some reasons why the U.S. imperialized other nations?

• Power

• spread democracy

• spread christianity

• economic gain

• political gain

• social darwinism

• “white man burden”

What are the THREE types of “diplomacy” options the U.S. had when dealing with other countries?

• Big Stick (Roosevelt)→A strong military can help America achieve her goals

• Moral (Wilson)→Human rights>>Conquering territory

• Dollar (Taft)→Economic influence can help America achieve her goal

How did the U.S. acquire the Panama Canal and what were its benefits?

• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

• Benefits included introduction of new healthcare technologies, made it easier to travel internationally.

Which two countries started WWI?

• Austria-Hungary and Serbia

When and Why did the US enter WWI?

• Sinking of the Luisitainia 1917

What is trench warfare?

• Fighting in trenches

Who was the President during WWI?

• Woodrow Wilson

Know the THREE I’s

• Isolationism

• Interventionism

• Internationalism

What was the Selective Service Act?

• The draft during WWI where men between 18 and 45 were required to register for war

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

• To prevent a worldwide conflict like WWI from happening again

• Didn’t work

What is the legacy of WWI?

• Stopped progress

• Entire populations were affected

• Increased Govt. over the lives of the people,

• End of old empires and creation of new ones,

• Social changes to the U.S, Women and Black people

What were the 1920’s often referred to as?

• Roaring 20s

How were most people able to buy all the great inventions and products of the twenties?

• Credit / Installment Plans

What were some major events that happened during the twenties?

• Women could vote (1919)

• Red Scare

• Race Riots

• Great Migration

Young women who defied traditional standards of female behavior were known as?

• Flapper

The Scopes Trial reflected a division between which TWO groups?

• Fundamentalists and Modernists

What impact did prohibition have on America?

• Higher crime rate associated with the transport of illegal alcohol

• the rise of speakeasies and bootleggers and gangs

Which President do most people blame for the Great Depression?

• Herbert Hoover

While there are many causes of the Great Depression, what set off the Great Depression?

• The stock market crash (Black Thursday + Tuesday)

What is the difference between a BULL and BEAR movement?

• Bull = Stock prices go up

• Bear = Stock prices go down

What impact did tariffs have in causing the Great Depression?

• Big businesses raised their tariffs which caused Europe to raise their tariffs which ultimately ruined America's economy due to the restriction on international trade

• resources were harder to get.

How did the Great Depression affect banks, businesses, and individuals?

• Drove many into debt and poverty, starving, and without jobs.

How high did the unemployment rate get at the height of the Great Depression?

• 24.9%

What are shantytowns?

• Neighborhoods with houses made of scrap lumber and packing boxes, aka Hoovervilles

What was the name for Hoover’s economic recovery that stressed individual effort and not government assistance?

• Rugged Individualism

Which region of the U.S. did the dust bowl affect?

• western third of Kansas, southeastern Colorado, the Oklahoma Panhandle, the northern two-thirds of the Texas Panhandle, and northeastern New Mexico (Great Plains + Mid West)

What was the name for the economic programs designed to help America get out of the Depression?

• New Deal

What are the three R’s?

• Relief

• Recovery

• Reform

What were FDR’s radio talks called, in which he eased the concerns of the American people?

• Fireside Chats

FDR’s reforms owed much to the legacy of what earlier time period?

• Progressive Era

What are some reasons for why people were against the New Deal?

• Gave too much power to the government and hurt the economy.

What are some lessons learned from the Great Depression?

• Don’t trust the stock market or rely on it

What is the policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in hope that it will maintain peace?

• Appeasement

Germany controlled all of Europe EXCEPT for which TWO countries?

• Great Britain and Switzerland

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

• To prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its military actions in Southeast Asia.

Why were Japanese Americans placed in internment camps?

• To stop Japanese espionage

• Americans thought the Japanese were spying on them and relaying information back to Japan, leading up to internment camps.

Which atrocity happened in the Philippines (75,000 Allied soldiers were forced to walk 63 miles)?

• Bataan Death March

What country did the D-Day beach landings happen in?

• France

What was the U.S. war strategy against Germany?

• Guerilla Warfare

What was the Manhattan Project?

• A secret research project to produce the first nuclear weapons

What ultimately ended the war against Japan?

• The atomic bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima

What officially brought America out of the Great Depression?

• A combo of the New Deal and war economy from WWII

What allowed WWII veterans to start businesses, purchase homes, and go to college?

• GI Bill

The competition between the United States and Soviet Union was known as the?

• Cold War

What impact did the Marshall Plan have on Europe?

• Certain European countries were provided aid from US to secure them from the spread of communism

• US influence in those countries

What was life like during the 1950s?

• There was a large economic boom due to WWII, but there were also a lot of nuclear concerns (Nuclear Fear)

• On top of that, people had to deal with conformity, nuclear families, etc.

What was the “space race” and who was involved?

• A span of time for countries to race for atmospheric control

• the United States vs. USSR

What is MAD?

• Mutually Assured Destruction

Who were some people affected by communism?

• Alger Hiss, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

What decade is most similar to the 50s because of its good economic times?

• Roaring 20s

How did the baby boom impact the 50s?

• Social: Due to conformity and the end of WWII, many families began to have families, primarily children

• Economic: pushed for the construction and lower prices for housing, producing more quantity than quality

What was the music of the 50s?

• Rock ‘n’ Roll

What does the policy of “containment” say?

• This policy was to keep societal ideals to maintain in one country, and not invade other ones to enact more of that ideal.

• NO communism

What major events happened during the Korean War?

• North Korea Invaded South Korea June 24, 1950

• U.S. troops invade at Inchon

• Pyongyang falls to the UN forces

• Armistice between North and South Korea March 1953

What did the court say regarding Brown v. Board of Education?

• It was unconstitutional to separate schools based on race, so schools became integrated

• “separate but equal is inherently unequal”

How did the philosophy of MLK differ from Malcolm X?

• MLK wanted to live in a society where all races can live together and free

• Malcolm X wanted to keep races separated for their survival.

In an effort to detect communists within the federal govt, President Truman established the?

• Housing Un-American Activities Committee (or Loyalty Review Board, check later)

Why did the U.S. join NATO?

• To provide security against the Soviet Union so communism couldn’t take over Europe

Know some information about Israel/Palestine

• Israel was a safe haven for Jewish people since they were driven out of countries and had no homeland of their own so they were introduced back to their original homeland, Israel.

• Palestinians are the Arabs who are living alongside the Jewish people in the same country; conflict between them because they want the land to themselves because they’ve been living there longer than the current jewish immigrants.