1a-Blood

What is the normal pH range for food?

7.35-7.45

What are the main components of plasma?

1. Water 2. Plasma proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen) 3. Regulatory proteins (enzymes) 4. Other solutes

What is erythropoiesis?

The process of producing red blood cells (erythrocytes) from stem cells, occurring mostly in red bone marrow.

What triggers erythropoiesis?

A decrease in blood oxygen levels (hypoxia) triggers the release of erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys.

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells that help defend the body against infection, disease, and foreign antigens.

Define granulocytes.

A type of white blood cell that contains visible granules in the cytoplasm.

Name the types of granulocytes and their functions.

1. Neutrophils: Phagocytize bacteria, first responders. 2. Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and help regulate allergic and inflammatory responses. 3. Basophils: Release histamine and heparin during inflammatory or allergic reactions.

Define agranulocytes.

White blood cells that lack visible cytoplasmic granules and have round or kidney-shaped nuclei.

Name the types of agranulocytes and their functions.

1. Lymphocytes: Coordinate immune response, include B cells and T cells. 2. Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages that phagocytize pathogens, dead cells, and debris.

What is diapedesis?

The process by which white blood cells squeeze through the walls of blood vessels to enter surrounding tissues and fight infection.

What are the phases of hemostasis?

1. Vascular spasm: Blood vessel constricts to reduce blood flow.

2. Platelet plug formation: Platelets stick to the injury site and each other, forming a temporary plug.

3. Coagulation: A cascade of clotting factors converts fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a blood clot.

What is erythroblastosis?

A condition that occurs when an Rh- mother has been previously exposed to Rh+ blood, leading her immune system to attack the red blood cells of an Rh+ fetus in subsequent pregnancies.

What are antigens?

Proteins found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood type.

What are antibodies?

Proteins found in plasma that recognize and attack foreign antigens.