Bruh i hate this class, A&P week 4

What is the study of articulations, or joints, called?

Arthrology

What is an articulation?

A joint; a place where two or more bones meet.

What structural type of joint has bones held together by collagenous fibers?

Fibrous joint

What is a synostosis?

A union in which two bones fuse into a single bone.

What specific type of joint holds a tooth in its socket?

Gomphosis

What is a gomphosis?

A fibrous joint that anchors a tooth within its socket in the jaw.

What is a syndesmosis?

A fibrous joint in which bones are connected by relatively long collagen fibers, allowing slight movement.

What structural type of joint has bones held together by cartilage?

Cartilaginous joint

What is a synchondrosis?

A cartilaginous joint in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

What type of joint is the epiphyseal plate structurally?

Synchondrosis

What type of joint is the epiphyseal plate in terms of movement?

Synarthrosis

Which functional type of joint is immovable?

Synarthrosis (synarthrotic joint)

Which functional type of joint is slightly movable?

Amphiarthrosis (amphiarthrotic joint)

Which functional type of joint is freely movable?

Diarthrosis (diarthrotic joint)

In terms of movement, what type of joint is a skull suture?

Synarthrotic joint (synarthrosis)

What structural type of joint has a joint cavity and joint capsule?

Synovial joint

What structure holds a synovial joint together and surrounds the joint cavity?

Joint capsule

What are the two major layers of a joint capsule?

Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

What is the fibrous capsule?

The tough outer layer of a synovial joint capsule.

What is the synovial membrane?

The inner lining of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

What structure secretes synovial fluid?

Synovial membrane

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Lubricates the joint, reduces friction, and helps nourish the articular cartilage.

What is the joint cavity?

The space between articulating bones in a synovial joint that contains synovial fluid.

What is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones within a synovial joint.

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Reduces friction and helps absorb shock at the ends of articulating bones.

What is the periosteum?

The connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of a bone except at its articular surfaces.

Rank these joints from least movable to most movable: suture, syndesmosis, gliding, saddle, ball-and-socket.

Suture → syndesmosis → gliding → saddle → ball-and-socket

Which joint has the greatest range of movement: gomphosis, synchondrosis, suture, or hinge?

Hinge

What type of joint contains a meniscus?

Synovial joint

What is a meniscus?

A pad of fibrocartilage located within certain synovial joints.

What is the function of the meniscus in the knee?

Provides cushioning and shock absorption, distributes forces, and improves the fit between the femur and tibia.

What type of synovial joint is the hip?

Ball-and-socket joint

What type of synovial joint is the radiocarpal joint?

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joint

What type of synovial joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

Hinge joint

What type of synovial joint is an intercarpal joint?

Plane (gliding) joint

What type of joint is the wrist between the radius and scaphoid?

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joint

What type of joint is located between the scapula and humerus?

Ball-and-socket joint

What is another name for the shoulder joint between the scapula and humerus?

Glenohumeral joint

What is the function of the labrum in the shoulder?

Deepens the glenoid cavity and helps stabilize the shoulder joint.

What type of joint is between the trapezium and first metacarpal?

Saddle joint

Where is the saddle joint of the hand located?

Between the trapezium and first metacarpal at the base of the thumb.

Which knee ligament is located on the lateral side of the knee?

Fibular collateral ligament

Which knee ligament is located on the medial side of the knee?

Tibial collateral ligament

What is another name for the fibular collateral ligament?

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

What is another name for the tibial collateral ligament?

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

What does the fibular collateral ligament connect?

Femur to fibula

What does the tibial collateral ligament connect?

Femur to tibia

What does ACL stand for?

Anterior cruciate ligament

What is the general function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?

Prevents excessive anterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur and helps stabilize the knee.

What does pronation of the foot mean?

The bottom of the foot tilts away from the midline.

What is supination of the foot associated with?

Inversion of the foot, causing the sole to tilt toward the midline.

What do antipronation shoes prevent?

Excessive pronation, or tilting of the bottom of the foot away from the midline.

What are the actions of the deltoid in a human?

Abducts the arm; medially and laterally rotates the arm; flexes and extends the arm.

What movement does the deltoid primarily produce?

Abduction of the arm.

What is the origin of the supraspinatus muscle?

Supraspinous fossa of the scapula.

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor in a human?

Coracoid process of the scapula.

What is the origin of the levator scapulae?

Transverse processes of C1–C4.

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi in a human?

Intertubercular groove of the humerus.

Does the human biceps brachii originate or insert on the humerus?

Neither; it neither originates nor inserts on the humerus.

Where does the biceps brachii originate?

Scapula.

Where does the biceps brachii insert?

Radius.

What are the origins of the trapezius in a human?

Occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of C7–T12.

What are the actions of the pectoralis major in a human?

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

Does the pectoralis major laterally rotate the arm?

No; it medially rotates the arm.

What is the insertion of the subscapularis in a human?

Lesser tubercle of the humerus.

What are the actions of the triceps brachii in a human?

Extends and adducts the arm; extends the forearm.

What is the origin of the brachialis in a human?

Anterior, distal surface of the humerus.

Which human muscles flex the arm?

Pectoralis major, deltoid, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii.

Which muscles are antagonists of the triceps brachii in a human?

Biceps brachii and brachialis.

Does the triceps brachii flex or extend the forearm?

Extends the forearm.

Do the biceps brachii and brachialis flex or extend the forearm?

Flex the forearm.

Does the pectoralis minor flex the arm?

No.

Does the latissimus dorsi flex the arm?

No; it primarily extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Medial epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon/posterior ulna.

Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?

Middle phalanges of digits 2–5.

What is the insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

Base of the fifth metacarpal.

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist.

Which muscle extends both the hand and the phalanges?

Extensor digitorum.

Which muscles flex the hand?

Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus.

Which muscles extend the thumb?

Extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.

As you hit a nail with a hammer, which arm muscle are you using?

Triceps brachii.

Which back muscle are you using to look up at the ceiling?

Trapezius.

Which three cat muscles correspond to the single trapezius muscle in humans?

Spinotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, and clavotrapezius.

What is the action of the epitrochlearis in a cat?

Extends the forelimb at the elbow.

Which cat muscle does not correspond to a human muscle?

Xiphihumeralis.

Humans have one deltoid, while the cat deltoid is composed of how many muscles?

Three.

What are the three muscles of the cat deltoid?

Clavodeltoid, acromiodeltoid, and spinodeltoid.

Which is more developed in cats: flexor digitorum superficialis or flexor digitorum profundus?

Flexor digitorum profundus.

In a cat, the flexor pollicis longus is replaced by what extensive muscle?

Flexor digitorum profundus.