Autism Spectrum Disorder

What are the core diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

• Severely impaired socialization and communication

• Restricted and repetitive behaviors

• Early onset that limits daily functioning

What type of language impairment is common in ASD?

Pragmatic language deficits (difficulty using language in social contexts).

What are the three severity levels of ASD in DSM-5?

• Level 1: Requiring support

• Level 2: Requiring substantial support

• Level 3: Requiring very substantial support

What social deficits are typical in ASD?

• Difficulty forming age-appropriate social relationships

• Poor social reciprocity

• Lack of joint attention

• Reduced interest in peers

• Deficits in nonverbal communication

• Lack of prosody (tone and rhythm of speech)

What kinds of behaviors are seen under this symptom domain?

• Stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors

• Intense focus on routines and sameness

• Complex rituals

• Severe tantrums if routines are disrupted

What are savant skills in ASD?

Exceptional abilities in specific areas (e.g., music, math) found in about one-third of individuals with ASD.

What is echolalia?

Repeating words or phrases spoken by someone else.

What is “stimming”?

Self-stimulatory behavior involving repetitive movements or sounds, often for self-regulation.

What are sensory sensitivities in ASD?

Difficulties in interpreting and organizing sensory input (sound, light, touch, etc.).

Is ASD considered heritable?

Yes, it has moderate genetic heritability with many implicated genes.

What parental factor increases ASD risk?

Advanced parental age (mutations may occur in sperm or eggs).

What brain connectivity differences are seen in ASD?

• Hyperconnectivity in sensory and motor regions

• Underconnectivity in social and executive function areas

• Fewer neurons in the amygdala

What hormone is implicated in social bonding deficits in ASD?

Oxytocin (lower levels linked to reduced bonding and emotion recognition).

How was autism misunderstood in the past?

It was wrongly believed to result from “cold” or unloving parenting.

Do parents of children with ASD differ significantly from other parents?

No, research shows no substantial difference.

What are key goals of psychosocial treatments for ASD?

• Improve communication

• Build social skills

• Foster independent living

What are some examples of psychosocial interventions?

• Early intervention

• Social skills groups

• Behavior support strategies

• ASD-friendly environments (sensory breaks, fewer people, parallel play)

Are medications a cure for ASD?

No, medication does not treat core symptoms and has limited success.

What medications are approved for irritability in ASD?

• Risperidone

• Aripiprazole (both antipsychotics)

What should an integrated treatment plan for ASD include?

• Educational support

• Communication and socialization training

• Parental support

• Community integration