AP History Guide

Aztec Indians

A group that was run mostly by city states, known for being good warriors and practicing paganism.

Buddhism

A religion focused on meditation, wisdom, and the study of reality under Gautama.

Byzantine Empire

A mostly Christian empire in terminal decline by 1200, with Constantinople as its capital.

China's Song Dynasty

An economic golden age characterized by a stronger government, new shipbuilding techniques, and advancements in metallurgy.

Confucianism

A philosophical system that focused on moral behavior and became the dominant ideology in the dynasty.

Daoism

A philosophy that ridiculed societal progress through improved education.

European innovation by borrowing technologies

The practice of adopting inventions like the spinning wheel and gunpowder from other nations.

Feudal division of power

A hierarchy where the clergy held most power, followed by nobles, lords with vassals, and finally free men.

Feudalism

A system common in Europe and Asia where poor individuals worked the land owned by a lord.

Hinduism

The oldest religion in India, which does not have a historical founder.

Islam

A faith characterized by the 5 pillars: Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Ramadan, and Hajj.

Sufi Muslim

A branch of Islam that emphasizes mantra reading and prayer.

Islam in India

The Islamic population was primarily ruled by the Turks.

Korea's influence on China

Korea maintained its independence from China through a tribute system.

Ottoman Empire

An empire that brought unity to the Islamic Middle East.

Mesoamerican and Andes Civilizations relationship

These civilizations did not interact due to the nature of city-states.

Siddartha Gautama

The founder of Buddhism.

Differences between Korea, Japan, and Vietnam and China

Korea maintained political independence, Japan only borrowed what they wanted, and Vietnam had greater roles for women and more female deities.

Black Death

A disease that entered Europe via trading vessels.

Spread of the Black Death

Spread rapidly due to poor living conditions and dirty homes, leading to the end of feudalism.

Chinggis Khan

The conqueror who united the Mongol Empire.

Long distance trade in the Americas

Challenging until the introduction of horses by Spain, leading to the trade of natural resources.

Malay trade

Known for trading gold, spices, and implementing taxation on foreign vessels.

Ming Dynasty

Strictly traditional, eliminating foreign influences while cultivating land and a rich history.

Mongol adoption of conquered civilizations

Incorporated conquered people into their army, providing social mobility.

Mongol significance in world history

Integrated new tactics from conquered nations into their military strategy.

Mongols in Persia

Invaded Persia in 1219 and conquered it by 1220, marking their expansion into the Middle East.

Mongols in Western Europe

Chose not to conquer, viewing Europe as having little value.

Mongol promotion of international commerce

Offered merchants excessive funds to establish trade in conquered regions.

Mughal Empire

A pastoral society with a Hindu majority that resisted Islamic rule.

Pastoral societies

Groups that are characterized by movement and nomadic lifestyles.

Sand roads

Trade routes based on manufactured goods.

Sea roads

Dependent on weather and driven by maritime advancements, primarily for luxury goods.

Silk roads

A trade network that facilitated the exchange of goods and religious ideas primarily across Asia to Arabia.

Akbar’s policies

Mughal ruler who accommodated the Hindu majority without requiring conversion to Islam.

Columbian Exchange

The interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Domestication of animals

Llamas and Alpacas trained by locals to carry goods and assist in adaptation.

Great Dying

The massive death toll of Native Americans due to European diseases.

Hindu opposition to Mughal Rule

Resistance stemmed from resentment over the Jizya tax.

Latin American Slavery

Slaves in Latin America worked for rulers as a form of debt payment.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the encouragement of exports.

Native Americans aid Spanish

Several Native Americans became hacienda laborers.

Outcome of European empires in the Americas

Resulted in significant casualties among Native Americans.

Syncretism of Native Americans to Catholic religion

Native Americans adopted Catholicism to avoid persecution.

Impact of Catholic Jesuits in China

Introduced Western scientific knowledge, mathematics, and astronomy, gaining access to imperial courts.

European control of trade

Enforced monopolies and trade dominance through military force.

Fur trade

Thrived in North America from the 17th to mid-19th century due to demand for pelts.

Government treatment of Japanese Merchants

Foreign countries imposed heavy restrictions on their commercial activities.

Peace of Westphalia

A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.

Scientific Revolution

Notable figures like Copernicus and Galileo challenged the Church with heliocentric theories.

Silver trade

A significant aspect of the emerging global economy, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.

Civic nationalism

A form of nationalism based on shared citizenship and political values.

Haitian Revolution's effect

A crucial event altering patterns of slavery and colonial power in the Americas.

Leaders in Latin American independence movements

Key figures include Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Bernando O'Higgins, Antonio Jose.

Napoleon's conquest response

Mixed perceptions as some viewed him as a liberator, others as a conqueror.

Spanish revolution compared to American revolution

More complex and prolonged than the American Revolution.

Women’s rights

Social, political, and economic rights promoting equality for women.