Studied by 2 people
agricultural hearths
areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock emanated, farming practices diffused across the surface of the earth- four most important : Fertile Crescent (SW Asia), Ancient Egypt, N. China, Indus Valley (S. Asia), Ethiopia
agriculture
activities concerned with the production of plants and animals, and the related supplies, services, mechanics, products, processing, and marketing
cereal grains
corn, wheat, rice, and other grasses, includes rice, millet, barley, rye, and wheat
columbian exchange
corn, tomatoes, squash to new
disease, horses, sugar to old
(items sent back and forth to the New and Old worlds)
dispersed settlement pattern
a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field
enclosure
a movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity
enclosure movement
the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century
extensive agriculture
an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area (there is minimal labor put in over a large area of land)
extensive subsistence agriculture
shifting cultivation, nomadic herding/pastoralism
feedlot
a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
first agricultural revolution
dating back 10,000 years, the first agricultural revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
green revolution
a shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output
hamlets
the smallest of urban settlements with a counted population
hunters and gathers
obtained food by gathering wild plants and hunting animals, moving to a different location when food runs out
intensive agriculture
small-area farms and ranches with high inputs of labor per acre and high output per acre
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a parcel of land
irrigation
process in which water is artificially supplied to the land
labor intensive agriculture
type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful
livestock
domesticated animals such as cows, sheep, and poultry that are raised and managed to produce meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather, etc.
long-lot survey system
distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals
market gardening
the small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers- distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season- labor is done manually
mediterranean agriculture
an agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations
metes and bounds
a term used in describing the boundary lines of land, setting forth all the boundary lines together with their terminal points and angles- metes (length or measurements) and bounds (boundaries) description is often used when a great deal of accuracy is required
mixed crop/livestock
both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year
monocropping/monoculture
an agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety
neolithic revolution
(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source- this led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization
nomadism
a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water
nucleated settlement pattern
a settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church
pampas
grasslands of argentina and uruguay
pastoral nomadism
a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
patriarchal system
when men had the power in the family, the economy, and the government
plantation farming
a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
primary sector
the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry
primogeniture
an English law in colonial times that said only the eldest son of the parents could inherit a landed estate- this left the wealthy but landless younger sons to seek their fortune elsewhere. Many of the younger sons went to the New World, and they included Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake (lmao)
quaternary sector
consists of intellectual activities often associated with technological innovation- it is sometimes called the knowledge economy- activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology
rectangular survey system/township- range
legal description of land: "government survey system," base lines, meridians, townships and sections. township = 36 sections, section = 640 acres (1 square mile), acre = 43650 square feet. EX: S7 T3 R2 means Section 7 Township 3 and Range 2
second agricultural revolution
tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient
secondary sector
the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
seed agriculture
reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds
shifting/swidden agriculture
is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields- it is subsistence agriculture that typically uses little technology- it is typically key in shifting cultivation agriculture, and in transhumance livestock herding
subsistence agriculture
farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with little left for purchasing manufactured goods
tertiary sector
this sector sells the goods produced by the secondary sector and provides commercial services to both the general population and to businesses in all five economic sectors- activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, health care, and law
third agricultural revolution
currently in progress, the third agricultural revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)
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