Psychology 1001- Quiz 1 (Chapters 1 and 2)

What is the Defiontion of Psychology

Knowlege of the soul, The SCIENTIFIC study of behavior and mental processes

What is the importance of critical thinking in psychology?

Allows professionals and students to objectively evaluate research, test ideas for errors, and avoid common cognitive biases

What are the Critical Thinking Steps?

1. Examine how the terms are defined

2. Inpect the Evidence

3. Look for potenial Biases

4. Ask Whether the conclusions have been oversimplified or organzied

5. Consider other possible interprestations

6. 6. Tolerate Uncertainty

Who is Wilhelm Wundt and What did he do?

He is the founder of psycology,

he used scientific methos to study fundamental psycological processes,

Argued how pyscology should be studied sperated then regular mental sciences using experimental methods to study peoples mental processes,

Estabilished the first phycology research lab in Germnay

Who is Tichener? What is Structuralism?

Tichener developed the idea of structuralism, which was the 1st school of thought,

Participants in his study viewed a sample Stimulus, such as a book, then tried to reconstruct their sensations and feeling immedity after reading. This was used to break down the most basic mental processes

Who is James? What is Funcationalism?

James wrote the first physology text book, james discuseved diveresved topics such as brain function, habit, memory, sensation, perception, and emotion

His ideas became the 2nd school of thought of psychology

Functionalism = emphasized studying the purpose and function of behavior and mental processes

Who is Freud? What is Psychoanalysis?

Freud is a physician (neurologist) and he came up with another school of thought which is psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a peronality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscius factors in determinig behavior and personality.

What Did Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner Believe on Behaviorism?

Behaviorism = the study of obserable behaviors, when they pertain with learning

Pavlov - demonstrated that dogs could learn from stimulus

Watson - championed behaviorsim as a new school of physcology

Skinner - used rats and pigeons to shape behavior

What did Rodgers and Maslow believe about humanistic psychology

Humanistic Psychology = each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction

Rogers emphasized the conscious experiences of his clients; this was in contrast to behaviorism. He focused on self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice in human behavior

Maslow developed a theory of motivation that emphasizes psychological growth; human behavior is driven by a hierarchy of universal needs that must be satisfied in order, from basic survival to personal fulfillment.

What are the Eight Comtemoray Approaches/ Perspectives

1. Biology

2. Psycodynamic

3. Behaviorist

4. Humanistic

5. Positive

6. Cognitive

7. Cross - Cultural/ Multi Cultural

8. Evoluntionary

What is the defintion of the biological comtemporary approach

All actions, feelings, and thoughts are associated with/ bodily events

Ex: The neurochemcial brain is effected, there is somthing wrong with the y chromzone in males, head injury happened when baby

What is the defintion of the pychodynamic comtemporay approach

Childhood Experiances are critical, unconsious mind effects behavior

What is the defintion of the behaviorist comtemporay approach

Focused on the observable behavior events (what you see), big emphasis on learning, How is bhevior accuirqued and changed?

What is the defintion of the Humanistic comtemporay approach

Unhappiness w/ psychodynamic and behaviorist

Focused on becoming a better person

Personal growth and relationships

What is the defintion of the positive comtemporay approach

Subset of humanistic, developed to compensate for emphasis disorders, Focused on the study of positive emotions, psycological states, and individual traits

What is the defintion of the Cross-Cultural/ Multicultural comtemporay approach

Around the main question of how cultural effects us

Focus is on many outside influences

Example: American Society; Guns, Men being dominate, etc

What is the defintion of the evolutionary comtemporay approach

Focus on how psycolgical processes are subject to the principal of natural selection

Example: being an extrovert

What are some Area in Psychology?

Applied, Biological, Clinical, Counseling, Developmental, Educations, Experimental, Heath, Personality, etc

What is the 4 steps for research methods

1. Identify research problem (Identify/formulate hypothesis, operationalize the variables)

2. Design/ conduct study

3. Examine the Data ( look for biases and organize data)

4. Communicate the results (peer journals, conferences)

What are the two types of research methods

Experimental and Descriptive

What are the two types of variables in the experimental research method and decribe?

Independent- What you manipulate

Dependent- What you measure

What is vaildity and the different types of validity

Validity is the accuract of something

2 types are:

Internal validity - when the obtained effecr can be confidenty attributed to the independent variable, ways to increase internal validity is the control group and elimating majior confounding variables

External validity- how well the results of a research study can be generalized or applied to other people, settings, times, and real-world situations.

What is a placebo effect?

Any change attributed to the person’s beliefs and expectations rather than an actual drug

Ex: The Sugar Pill: A patient with a headache takes a plain sugar pill labeled as a strong pain medicine and reports that their pain goes away.

What are the strengths of experiments

Can demostrate cause and effect

Controlable

Replication (being able to repeat a study)

What are some weeknesses of experiments

Difficult to balance internal and external vaildity

Difficult to study complex possible/ ethical to experimentally study some issues

What are the different types of decriptive research

correlation study

survey

case study

naturalistic observation

describe a correlation study

Answers questions about reationships

pearson correlation coefficient involved (which measures the strength of variables from -1 to 1)

Test the correlation between 2 different groups

What are some strengths of a correlation study

simple

quick

inexpensive

ethical issues

What are weeknesses of a correlation study

CORRELATION DOES NOT CAUSE CAUSATION!!!

problem of directionality

third variables

Decribe a Suvrey

Questionaries, polls, interviews

Using Samples- refers to segments of a group or population of interest; they should be represented by a large group

What are some avantages of surveys

Can measure subjective states

Gather Large amounts of data fast

What are some disavantages of surveys

people arent always honest or aware of their feelings of certain topics

sampling bias

Describe a case study

Study individual through variety of sources and records

Example: studying a child that has baggage

What are some strengths of case studies

Provides good description

Can generate hypothese

Can disconfirm beliefs

What are some weekness of case study

Cannot be replicated

Cannot prove anything

Difficult to generalize

Describe a naturalistic observation

Observe a humans behavior in natural envioment

Examples; kids is school, people at bus stop, teacher in classroom

What are some strengths of a naturalistic observation

Does not rely on self-report,

More realistic and accurate

What are weaknesses of a naturalistic observation

large time investment,

reactivity

What is Ethics in Psychological Research

Specialist Code = Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct

Example: Monster Study From Textbook

What are some Successful Study Techniques for Psychology

1. Focus your attention in class and on the material

2. Engage your mind

3. Take notes by hand

4. Pratice retrievel (Try to go over the material everyday)

5. Space out your study time (do not cram all at once)

What are the Parts of a Neuron

Dendrites, Cell body, and Axon

What does the denraite do in a neuron?

Transmitt messages and recieve messages from others to cell body, the “tree branches”

What does the cell body do in a neuron?

Provides energy,

Decides if the neuron should fire

What does the axon do in a neuron?

Transmitt messages away from cell body, the “tree trunk” of a neuron

Why does the axon have a mylin sheath

Prevents signals from adjacent cell from interfering with one another

Speeds up the conduction of neural impules

What is a Terminal Button of a Neuron?

The buttons understand communication between neurons

What is communcation between neurons

chemical

What is communication with in neurons

electrical

Describe the communcation within neurons?

The ongoing electrical activity with the body stimulates changes in the body,

When the impulse happens its all or none, there is also a retractorying period after neurons fire it need “rest”

Example: action potential = domino analogy

Describe the communcation between neurons

Has synapse which are gaps between terminal buttons of one nueron axon and the dendrite of the next,

terminal buttons release neuron transmitters across the synaptic gap

What is a receptor and what are the 2 different changes?

A receptor is a lock that only opens to its specific transmitter

2 different changes:

Excitatory changes = voltage shift in a positive direction; the probability that the neuron will fire increases

Inhibitory chnages = volage shift in a negative direction; the probaility that the nuerons will fire decreases

What is the Endocrine System?

Collection of glands secreting chemcials directly into the blood stream

Chemcials = Hormones

What are can Hormones do?

Hormones can activate multiple cells in the body at the same time, some hormones and neurotransmitters are very similar

What are differnet types of glands

Pitutary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pineal Gland, Adrenal Gland

What does the piturtary gland do?

Master Gland

Connected directly to central nervous system

Where/ Why does the thyroid gland do?

In neck

Controls METABOLISM, energy, mood, depression, stress, eating happits

What does the pineal gland do?

Secreates Melation

What does the adrenal gland do?

Secreates a variety of stress

What is the Nervous System Divisions?

Peripheral and Central

What does the peripheral system do?

Carries messages to and from CNS

What are the two functions of the perpheral system?

Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary muscle movements and processes conscious sensory information from the skin and muscles

Autonomic nervous system: Regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing through its sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) divisions.

What is part of the central nervous system and what does each of them do?

Brain - controls thoughts and emotions

Spinal Cord - protected by bones, connects info from the peripheral nervous system; produces some behaviors on its own (ex; putting your hand on a hot stove; your “reflex” pulls your hand away)