BSC 2085 – Lab 14 Review (Muscular & Nervous Systems)

Flashcards covering the key muscles, neuron & neuromuscular anatomy, brain structures, meninges, cranial nerves, spinal cord regions, and ventricular system from Lab 14 lecture notes.

Which two major muscles form the shoulder’s superficial contour?

Trapezius and Deltoid

Name the three muscles that constitute the hamstring group.

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus

What muscle is the prime mover for forearm extension at the elbow?

Triceps brachii

Which muscle is known as the “smiling muscle” because it elevates the corners of the mouth?

Zygomaticus

What forearm muscle is commonly used to locate pulse at the wrist’s lateral side?

Flexor carpi radialis

Which two muscles make up the iliopsoas?

Iliacus and Psoas major

Name the thick band of connective tissue on the lateral thigh that receives the tendon of the tensor fasciae latae.

Iliotibial (IT) tract

Which tendon attaches the gastrocnemius and soleus to the calcaneus?

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

What is the primary function of the orbicularis oculi?

Closes the eyelids (blinking, squinting)

Which cranial muscle depresses the mandible and tenses the skin of the neck?

Platysma

Which muscle is the main flexor of the forearm at the elbow when palms face upward?

Biceps brachii

What muscle runs strap-like from the ASIS to the medial tibia, allowing crossing of the legs?

Sartorius

Which muscle group is located in the anterior thigh and extends the knee?

Quadriceps femoris (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius)

What facial muscle closes and purses the lips, as in kissing?

Orbicularis oris

Which back muscle is a powerful arm adductor nicknamed “swimmer’s muscle”?

Latissimus dorsi

Name the two divisions of the dura mater.

Periosteal layer and Meningeal layer

What structure drains cerebrospinal fluid via arachnoid villi?

Superior sagittal sinus

Which meningeal fold separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Falx cerebri

Identify the fluid-filled cavities that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

Ventricles of the brain

What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monro)

Which narrow canal links the third and fourth ventricles?

Cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)

What is the treelike pattern of white matter inside the cerebellum called?

Arbor vitae

Name the midbrain structure composed of two superior and two inferior colliculi.

Corpora quadrigemina

Which tiny endocrine gland lies between the superior colliculi?

Pineal gland

What two lobes are separated by the central sulcus?

Frontal lobe and Parietal lobe

Which fissure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

Which lobe lies deep to the temporal bone and contains the primary auditory cortex?

Temporal lobe

What large tract of white matter connects the cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Which brainstem structure is superior to the pons and inferior to the thalamus?

Midbrain

Name the stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Infundibulum

What are the two major enlargements of the spinal cord called?

Cervical enlargement and Lumbar enlargement

Which horns of spinal gray matter contain motor neuron cell bodies?

Ventral (anterior) horns

Where is the dorsal root ganglion located and what does it contain?

On the dorsal root of a spinal nerve; contains sensory neuron cell bodies

Which plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve that innervates the diaphragm?

Cervical plexus

What set of nerves extends beyond the conus medullaris, resembling a horse’s tail?

Cauda equina

Define the term ‘node of Ranvier.’

A gap between adjacent Schwann cells where the axon is exposed and saltatory conduction occurs

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Schwann cell

At a neuromuscular junction, which neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What enzyme in the basal lamina breaks down ACh to terminate the signal?

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Which membrane of the muscle fiber possesses ACh receptors?

Sarcolemma (specifically the motor end plate)

What is the functional junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber called?

Neuromuscular junction (motor end plate)

Which part of the neuron is known as the ‘trigger zone’ where action potentials originate?

Axon hillock

Define ‘synaptic knobs.’

Enlarged endings of axonal terminals that contain neurotransmitter vesicles

Which cranial nerve (number and name) carries smell information?

I – Olfactory nerve

Which cranial nerve crosses at the optic chiasma?

II – Optic nerve

Name the cranial nerve responsible for facial expressions.

VII – Facial nerve

Which nerve innervates most of the visceral organs and is known as the ‘wanderer’?

X – Vagus nerve

What lobe of the cerebellum lies between the two lateral lobes?

Vermis (central lobe)

Which connective tissue sheath surrounds individual axons within a nerve?

Endoneurium

What is the shallow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord called?

Posterior median sulcus

Which groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is deeper and wider?

Anterior median fissure