Evolve Intro & Skeletal Disorders

Directly from practice quizzes and Evolve modules

Sickle cell anemia

An autosomal recessive disorder

A chondrosarcoma is a:

A malignant tumor of cartilage

Dysplasia

An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of adult cells, usually due to an irritant

Exudate

A byproduct of inflammation that is composed of fluid, cells, and cellular debris that escapes the vessels and is deposited in the tissues

Capillary dilation

Begins the process of inflammation

All of the following are examples of additive diseases, except: ascites, pneumonia, hemorrhage, or osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

Characteristics of malignant tumors

Rapid growth and ability to metastasize

What type of disease of the immune system results in the body becoming allergic to itself?

Autoimmune diseases

True or false: Additive diseases are those that absorb more x-rays than normal tissues

True

Thrombus

A fixed blood clot that develops on a vessel wall that can obstruct blood flow

Homozygous

When a trait of an offspring is inherited as a dominant allele from both parents

Incidence

Measure of disease process reports the number of newly diagnosed cases in a particular time period

What are causes of DNA mutations?

Radiation, viruses, or spontaneous

Embolus

A blood clot that is carried along by the bloodstream to lodge in a distant site

Inflammation

The body’s common response to many different causative agents, such as infections and trauma

How is natural, passive immunity obtained?

Through breast milk or maternal blood

Atrophy

A reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function

Adenoma

A benign tumor of a gland

Immunodeficiency diseases

A disease of the immune system that results in the body becoming prone to opportunistic infections that would not cause serious illness in a healthy person

What is the purpose of inflammation?

To prepare the body for healing and repair

What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation?

Calor, rubor, and tumor

Diseases caused by the body’s inability to process nutrients needed to carry out functions

Metabolic diseases

Cells of benign tumors similar to normal cells

Differentiated

Petechia

A very small hemorrhage

Heterozygous

When a trait of an offspring is inherited as a dominant from one parent and a recessive from another

Pathology

the specialized branch of medicine that focuses on the study of disease, including the origin, nature, and structural and functional changes caused by disease

How is natural, active immunity acquired?

Through exposure to disease

What do vaccines provide?

Acquired, active immunity

All of the following are examples of autosomal dominant hereditary diseases, except: Huntington disease, Marfan syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, or achrondroplasia

Tay-Sachs disease

What is the function of leukocytes in the process of inflammation?

Remove dead cells

Purpura

A hemorrhage of up to 1cm in size

Mortality rate

The number of deaths due to a particular disease in a given time frame

True or false: hereditary diseases can only be passed to offspring if both parents possess the defective gene

True

Hematoma

The medical term for a bruise

Hypertrophy

An increase in cell size in response to an increase in workload

All of the following are signs and symptoms of inflammation, except: pain, swelling, paralysis, or redness

Paralysis

The broad pathology classification systems

Causative agents and body system

What would be an appropriate technique adjustment to make when imaging a patient with known osteoporosis?

Decrease the kVp

Idiopathic

The term that describes diseases of unknown etiology

True or false: when imaging a patient with a destructive disease, the exposure factors should be decreased

True

Immunodeficiency disorders

Diseases that attack the natural immune system of the body and create a lack of resistance to other microorganisms

What is the appropriate technique adjustment when imaging a patient with a known pleural effusion?

Increase the kVp

Congenital

Diseases that are present at birth

What does not cause an infarct?

Ecchymosis

Endogenous

Diseases caused by an internal agent

Hangman’s fracture

A fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet usually associated with anterior subluxation or C2 and C3

An inherited disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures

Osteogenesis imperfecta

An expansile lucent lesion demonstrating a sharp demarcation from normal adjacent bone having a thin sclerotic rim

Unicameral cyst

A true osteochondroma grows laterally from the epiphysis and must exhibit:

A cortex and medullary portion

A tumor growing parallel to the bone and points away from the adjacent joint

Osteochondroma

Growth of outer bone diameter is dependent upon which bone cell?

Osteoblasts

To assess bone mineral content from a qualitative approach, the best imaging modality is:

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Herniation of the meninges in the lumbar or cervical vertebra

Meningocele

A fracture resulting from a weakness in the bone caused by a tumor or infection

Pathologic fracture

The bone lesion typically seen as a small (less than 1cm) round area with a lucent center

Osteoid osteoma

Bone that develops within the connective tissue

Intramembranous ossification

In Paget’s disease, the beginning phase involves bone _____

Destruction

A cyst-like lesion causing ballooning and possibly having internal septations

Aneurysmal bone cyst

The most common form of dwarfism caused by decreased enchondral bone formation

Achondroplasia

A fracture usually caused by falling on an outstretched hand resulting in posterior displacement of the distal fragment of the radius

Colles’ fracture

A classic sunburst pattern of bony spicules that extend in a radiating fashion is a radiographic appearance of:

Osteogenic sarcomas

The hollow, tube-like structure within the diaphysis

Medullary cavity

Malunion

Healing of fracture fragments in a faulty position

Body weight on weight-bearing bones may bend or bow as a result of softened bones in cases of:

Osteomalacia

Complete fracture

Discontinuity of two or more fragments

Transitional vertebra

A vertebra with characteristics of more than one major division of the spine

Osteoarthritis

The most common form of degenerative arthritis that has osteophyte development

To demonstrate degenerative knee joint narrowing most accurately requires the image to be:

Weight bearing standing AP and lateral

Lobulated borders from endosteal scalloping containing focal areas of high signal intensity on T2 weighted MRI images is suggestive of an:

Enchondroma

A weblike arrangement of marrow-filled spaces separated by thin bone

Cancellous bone

The disorder in which the disease process begins as an inflammation of the synovial membrane causing synovial proliferation

Rheumatoid arthritis

The fluid-filled sac located near joints becomes inflamed, which results in:

Bursitis

The modality that best demonstrates early changes in osteomyelitis

MRI

The secondary ossification center in a long bone

Epiphysis

Malignant bone lesions cause soft-tissue swelling and:

Cortical bone erosion, causing a poorly defined margin

The classic radiographic appearance of multiple punched-out osteolytic lesions scattered throughout the skeletal system is suggestive of:

Multiple myeloma

A rare hereditary bone dysplasia involving the bone resorption mechanism of calcified cartilage

Osteoporosis

Proliferation of fibrous tissue in the medullary cavity

Fibrous dysplasia

When a pyogenic organism enters the joint through the blood, direct extension, or trauma

Infectious arthritis

Primary malignant tumors arising from the bone marrow of long bones in children and young adults, usually causing localized pain

Ewing’s sarcoma

The most common initial site of Paget’s disease

Pelvis

A disease process usually caused by accelerated bone resportion

Osteoporosis

Osteoclastic cell

A cell associated with bone resorption and bone removal

Suspected non-accidental trauma of children

Battered-child syndrome

Which modality best demonstrates menisci tears?

MRI

An insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton appearing as a loss of bone density

Osteomalacia

Which modality best demonstrates rotator cuff tears?

MRI

For brittle bone disease, the radiographer should _____ (increase, decrease) technique factors

Decrease kVp

The modality that best detects asymptomatic bone metastases

Radionuclide bone scan

Forward displacement of one vertebra on the other, resulting in back pain caused by cleft in the pars interarticularis

Spondylolisthesis

Osteomyelitis is characterized by the result of:

Bacteria, pyogenic, or postoperative complications

Disease characterized as blood levels with an increased uric acid leading to deposits of crystals in the joints and cartilage

Gout

Periosteum

A fibrous membrane that covers the outer bone

A pattern of lytic and sclerotic new bone growth with a flattening of the femoral head associated with periosteal new bone

Ischemic necrosis

The disorder that begins as a bone abscess that travels through the medullary cavity and outward to lift the periosteum

Osteomyelitis

The study of the cause of disease

Etiology

Diseases that result from an abnormal cellular proliferation and function

Neoplastic

Stenosis

A narrowed region of a vessel that can cause ischemia

How would the pathology evident be categorized?

Destructive

The predicted course of a disease, including the probable outcomes

Prognosis