Revolution and Democracy Test Study Guide - World History

Revolution

A change in how something works (economically, socially, and politically) that affects government organization.

Sovereign

A supreme ruler (such as a monarch) or a state with absolute, independent authority.

Sovereignty

The supreme, absolute, and independent authority of a state to govern itself.

Nation-State

Sovereign nations governed by themselves.

Political Sovereignty

Governed based on popular opinion.

Personal Sovereignty

The right for an individual to govern their own body.

Democracy

A system of government in which all or many people participate in governing or electing representatives.

Secularization

The separation of religion from the state.

American Revolutionary War

A series of revolutions that influenced global independence movements.

Enlightenment Ideals

The philosophical principles that influenced the Declaration of Independence, advocating equality and government derived from the consent of the governed.

Karl Marx

A philosopher who criticized capitalism and advocated for communism, emphasizing class struggle.

Adam Smith

The economist who defended capitalism and believed in market forces for economic prosperity.

Socialism

An economic system with limited private ownership and both government and private entities involved in production.

Command Economics

An economic system where the government makes all decisions regarding resource consumption and production.

Market Economics

An economic system characterized by private ownership and property rights, influenced by market forces.

Mixed Economics

An economic system that falls between command and market economies.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who fought for the abolition of slavery in Haiti.

Simon Bolivar

A leader in the Spanish American wars for independence who was influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader who declared himself emperor and had significant influence on Europe during the early 19th century.

Haitian Revolution

A successful anti-colonial and anti-slavery insurrection that led to Haiti's independence.

Nationalism

Strong feelings of support for one’s nation, which can unite or divide different groups.

Realpolitik

A political policy based on practical and pragmatic considerations rather than ideological or moral ones.

German Confederation

A loose association of 39 German-speaking states created to replace the dissolved Holy Roman Empire.

Italian Unification

The political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into a single state.

Blood and Iron Policy

Bismarck’s strategy of using military power to achieve German unification.

Napoleonic Code

A civil code established under Napoleon that promoted legal equality for men and restricted women’s rights.