Revolution and Democracy Test Study Guide - World History

Age of Revolution

Define a Revolution in your own words

A change in how something works (economically, socially, and politically) could change the organization within a government. Before a revolution can happen, a problem is spoken about, and a new idea is proposed (can involve protesting and is basically a rebellion).

Sovereign - A supreme ruler (such as a monarch) or a state with absolute, independent authority (self-governing)

Sovereignty - The supreme, absolute, and independent authority of a state to govern itself, manage its own affairs, and make laws within its territory without external interference. (Supreme power of Authority).

Nation - State: Sovereign nations governed by themselves

Sovereignty: The right to govern oneself

Political sovereignty: Governed based on popular opinion

Personal Sovereignty: The right for an individual to govern their own body

Democracy: A system of government in which all or many people participate in governing or electing representatives

Secularization: The separation of religion from the state

Being a citizen of a nation-state means that you are a member of both politically and identity
The 14th Amendment, which says that if you are born on U.S. soil, it makes you a U.S. citizen

The American Revolutionary War

How the American Revolution Spurred Independence Movements Around the World

After the Revolutionary War, a series of revolutions took place throughout Europe and the Americas

1775 - 1783

Mid - 19th century

90% of the population in Haiti was enslaved on the eve of its revolution. The war was for independence, specifically abolishing slavery + European colonial rule

Some revolutions in Europe concerned breaking away from a larger empire, but many, like the French Revolution, were internal movements and sought to overthrow monarchies.

The American Revolutionary War set the stage for other revolutions in the Atlantic World.

Enlightenment Ideals in The Declaration of Independence

John Locke & Thomas Jefferson?

“We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.”

Unalienable Rights: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.

"Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consents of the governed.”

“A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.” (Trust given)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good (Social Contract)

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people

“We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in peace Friends.” (Social Contract + Abraham Lincoln)

“…we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor”. (People for the people, social contract, Abraham Lincoln) (“Gov’t of the people, by the people, for the people”)

Baron de Montesquieu

Representation in the Legislature

Legislative bodies/powers

Judiciary powers

He has dissolved the Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people

“He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.”

“For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.”

Thomas Hobbes

“…in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these colonies, solemny publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States.” (Individual rights)

Capitalism

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world

For imposing Taxes on use without our consent

Comparative Reading Set: Karl Marx vs. Adam Smith

Communism

No private ownership
Central government
No class distinction
Production for basic needs
Karl Marx

Capitalism

Total private ownership
Market forces
Class distinction
Production for profit
Adam Smith

Socialism

Limited private ownership
Government and private entities
Limited class distinction
Production of (?) societal needs
Charles Fourier

Economic concepts

What to produce - goods/services
How to produce - how to produce goods/services
Who to produce for - who should receive these goods/services

Command systems

Differ in how questions are answered

Command economics

Government decides
How
Resource consumption, production

Market economics

Private ownership
Property rights
Ownership of resources through property rights
Ex: Choosing the gas station you want to go to/ gas prices changing

Mixed economics

Fall between two extremes of command and market

Karl Marx

Doesn’t like social classes
Enforces communism
Questions if the Bourgeoisie is creating enormous cities and increasing the urban population, worth the suffering, exploitation, alienation, and misery for the working class
Defending market economics
Believes that the industrial system is dehumanizing workers
The system that the Bourgeoisie has established will make workers extremely miserable and will lead to destruction
The Communist Manifesto
- Labourers are organised like soldiers, slaves to the bourgeois class and state, and the manufacturers for the bourgeois class
- Factory of the industrial capitalist

Adam Smith

Defending command economics
Believes “You are what you have been labeled as”, “Nothing more to it (just do what you’ve been told)”
Believes that the people will have an incentive to work harder since society will lift, and everyone will be happy
The Wealth of Nations
- the divisions of labour are laborious, but necessary for the prosperity of a society
- Exchange one thing for another

Enlightenment Ideas and Thinkers Activity Packet

Thomas Hobbes

Men are in a constant state of war and always disunited. The natural sate is generally evil
The purpose of government if to better the whole society and avoid disunity, wars, and fights

John Lock

Men possess political power and rights of life, liberty, and property.
The purpose of government is to protect the members of society and their natural rights
A ruler is a representation of the people, and has more faith in them

Voltaire

Implies that religious tolerance is better than intolerance
Unlike intolerance, tolerance keeps the world civil and at peace
Religious tolerance is inspired by the First Amendment

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Men do not have absolute freedom because they must still obey laws ordered by the government
Social Contract - Each person must obey the preferences of the greater good (majority), and put aside their own
Rousseau believes that the general majority idea can lead the government of the state since it comes from the people, and the general population agrees

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women being subjected, voiceless, and inferior to men is unfair

Baron de Montesquieu

Legislative - create laws based upon the public interest
Executive - peace or war, security, and enforcement
Judicial - punishes criminals and settles disputes between individuals

Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson

Men should be given as much freedom as possible while still protecting them - Thomas Jefferson
The general population can steer the government and society in a positive direction (social contract) - Abraham Lincoln
(Rousseau agrees with both of these ideals)

Abraham Lincoln - new birth of freedom, government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth
Thomas Jefferson - “We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal.”
Men have unalienable rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Direct Democracy - Everyone

Indirect Democracy - Representative

Latin American Revolutions

Causes of Latin American Revolutions

The American and French Revolutions inspired political ideas and ideas of enlightenment philosophers, which made Latin Americans want to fight against unjust situations and fight for their individual rights.

Root causes of the revolutions (political, economic, and social)

Political - Political factors encouraged Latin Americans to fight for their individual rights.
Economic - Breaking down previous mercantilist policies due to protests against slavery and a bad social class system.
Social - Rise in nationalism(devoting to one’s nation, supporting its own interests) because of social divisions, which was the result of independence-driven rebellions.

90% of Africans were enslaved

Peninsulares
Creol
Meztoz
Indy
African

Haitian Revolution

What impact did Toussaint L’Ouverture have on the success of the Haitian Revolution?

He was the only slave who led to the founding of a state that was free from both slavery and ruled by non-whites/former captives.

What land did Napoleon have to sell in order to finance the ongoing conflict in Saint Domingue/Haiti?

Napoleon had to sell the Louisiana Territory.

Mexican War of Independence

What factors contributed to the Mexican War of Independence?

Redistribution of land and racial equality.

How did the conquests of Napoleon act as a motivating factor for the independence movement of Mexico?

People revolted against Napoleon, so Spain wasn’t holding up well.

Spanish American Wars for Independence

Evaluate the impact of Simon Bolivar on the Spanish American fight for independence.

Simon Bolivar was introduced to the philosophical ideals of the Enlightenment, motivating him to overthrow Spanish America. He expelled the Spanish rulers to allow the common people more rights.

Who was more influential? Simon Bolivar or Toussaint L’Ouverture? Why?

Simon Bolivar was more influential because other countries also picked up his agenda, and some were even named after him. (Like Bolivia?)

Independence of Brazil

How did the conquests of Napoleon act as a motivating factor for the independence movement in Brazil?

By causing the Portuguese royal family to flee Brazil, which weakened Portuguese rule. As a result, the Portuguese protested for change, independence, and self-governance.

What similarities can be discerned between the various Latin American independence movements?

Protesting for self-governance
Fight against tyranny
Enforce ideals of the Enlightenment (like having individual rights)

What impact, if any, did the Monroe Doctrine have on the European nations and their colonies?

The Monroe Doctrine opposed European colonialism, but also stated that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European countries. This Doctrine was published when Latin American colonies started gaining independence from the Portuguese/Spanish empires. However, people were suspicious of the doctrine because ultimately it was in the hands of the British and their navy to enforce independence, since the U.S. President held very little power without British forces helping them at that time. The doctrine did not have much of an impact at all.

How did the Latin American Revolutions illustrate the growth of democracy in the 19th century?

Rebellions against tyrannical rulers and the enforcement of ideals of the Enlightenment
Ex: Napoleon was faced with criticism and rebellion from the Portuguese, Mexican, Spanish, etc, who wanted more independence and self-governance.
Independence and self-governance originate from Enlightenment thinkers who believed in individual rights.
Another Ex: Simon Bolivar was introduced to the philosophical ideals of the Enlightenment, motivating him to overthrow the Spanish Rulers and provide the Spanish with more rights
The Latin American revolutions also resulted in a rise of nationalism and the breaking down of previous mercantilist policies.

French Revolution

1800 painting - glorious and powerful

1814 painting - looks sad, weak, and defeated

In 1799, Napoleon returned to France - Successful

The Consulate - Give all power to one person (absolutism)

Napoleon now has total power/ dictatorship

Now, the republic/ does not support the idea of a democracy

1802 - Treaty of Amiens - Brought peace to France

Sold Louisiana territory to the U.S.

France was declared an empire

Crowned himself (who did no one stop him)

If the pope crowned him, he would be giving the church power (Roman Catholic Church)

Gave men equal rights and took rights away from women - Napoleonic code

Women were legally declared the property of their husbands
Kids born outside of a marriage were also not allowed to have the same rights as other French citizens

Bank of France establishes economic stability

Brings church back and establishes catholic church dominance in France (religious tolerance)

He did this to make people feel included and “equal”

Still a lot of anti-Semitism

Modernized the French school system, but mainly focused on the military, run by the state (?), and mainly served boys

At the height of his power, he left a lot of groups out and created inequality

The French army invaded Russia and faced many deaths. Didn’t make it far. Scarcity of food. Extremely cold. Arrogant for thinking that his French army could fight under these circumstances in Russia.

Louis XVIII declared himself the new king and started a monarchy during Napoleon's absence.

Napoleon was forced to give up his throne and was exiled. Believed France was weak without him. They gathered loyal soldiers and went back to France.

Battle of Waterloo

Marked the end of his position as emperor

Sent to be exiled on the island of Helena (west coast of Africa) - to be as far from France as possible. Far enough not to have an influence.

The body is kept in an elaborate tomb in Paris.

Rise:

The Consulate (absolutism)
Treaty of Amein
Sold the Louisiana Territory
Napoleonic code - written law, and helps with stability
Religious tolerance (to make people feel “equal”)
Modernized the school system
Ruled after the French Revolution. There wasn’t a centralized government yet, so there was a lot of uncertainty, so he took leverage off of that.

Decline:

Created a lot of inequality
Abandoned democracy and the ideas of the revolution
Arrogance
Was unsuccessful during the battle in Russia, and King Louis XVIII (18th) took place, and was exiled
Napoleon attempted to return but was exiled again

Haitian Revolution

Haiti - an island in the southeast

Began in 1791 on the western half of a Caribbean island now known as Haiti (Also, when the king signed the Tennis Court oath) - Early stages of the French Revolution

Top: Grands blancs

Petits blancs - Resented the power of the grands blancs and resented free people of color. Did not enjoy the same rights as the petits blancs.

Free people of color - Wealthier than some of the Petits blancs

Bottom: Enslaved people (Africans) - made plantation owners and the French empire very rich

(60%?) Coffee and sugar cane grown in Haiti were a money maker for France

(97% of the French population fell into the Third Estate category on the eve of the French Revolution, the oppressed)

Santo Domingue - Life there for slaves was very difficult. Life expectancy for people transported from Africa to Haiti was 2-3 years. If you were born there, your life expectancy is 16 years. People were treated atrociously in Haiti. Much punishment and labour. Though it was cheaper to purchase human beings and force them into slavery rather than improve working conditions. Motto: Work these people to death and replace them with new enslaved folk. Weren't really viewed as human beings. 90% of the population lived in those conditions.

Began August 1791 night beating August 13 and 14. Boukman Dutty Cecile Fatiman was in charge of a gathering of enslaved people. Gathering is used as a strategy for other people in the world who will launch revolts against enslaved people. Spiritual gatherings. These gatherings weren't just about gatherings; they planned revolts and revolutions to eradicate enslaved people. Most meetings happened in churches (church gatherings). Gave speeches to enslaved people, hundreds of plantations are on fire. This was the goal, so that the enslaved economy could not function; therefore, the slaves could not work.

Short term: destroying the slave labor model and wiping out their manifestation of oppression.

Long term: now all of the fields are burned down, and it will take a while to grow back.

Less food on the island, which can lead to famine and death. However, the coffee and sugar cane were being grown to sell to this, mainly affecting cash crops.

Fake news published by France about what happens in Haiti

People fled?

The French sent ships and armies

The French could not stop the revolt

February 1794

Toussaint Louverture became the revolution’s leader and won victories against the French

The French National Assembly abolished slavery

hypocritical to oversee a colony with enslaved people since it goes against their own belief about freedom, etc (?)

When France recognized Haiti has citizens are now involved in the government

The spread of diseases like yellow fever has been in the New World for some time, and the people grew immunity, so now people in Europe are the ones in trouble) (?)

Haitian legal religion - Roman Catholicism and Haitian Vodou

The Revolution began in 1791

Slavery was abolished in 1794

When Napoleon rose to power in 1799, he controlled the entire island

1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte becomes the first consul of France

1801 - Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc arrives

1802 - In May (?), Napoleon reinstated slavery in the French Empire

The French were driven out (forced out) in November, 1803

The enslaved people always resisted the enslavement, but were fed up with it and wanted to rebel (?)

It got the ENTIRE NATION free, not just a few people

Afforded freedom to every single person

Unlike Bolivia and Ecuador, and the U.S., there was still some slavery post the revolution

In the Americas, U.S. (?), British Colonies, Spanish Colonies, Cuba, Puerto Rico (in 1873, abolished).

Independence isn't the end of what is struggled because it did not end with the Haitian Revolution. France did not recognize Haitian independence.

When Charles 10th came to power, he devised a plan that if Haiti paid 150 million francs to France, they would recognize their independence

Punishment since the Haitians “dared to be free.”

Haiti did not have the money, so they needed to take out a loan

Was not paid off completely till 1947 - over 100 years of debt

Even today, Haiti is very poor, and due to its poor economy, there has been a lot of political corruption, and the people of Haiti still face political instability today

1825 - France recognizes Haitian independence

1862 - The U.S. recognized Haitian independence

Age of slavery - slaves all over resisted slavery

Toussaint L’Ouverture Leads the Haitian Revolution: Primary Source Analysis

Toussaint L’Ouverture holds a printed copy of the Haitian Constitution in 1801

Divinely inspired

Divine right - a political religious doctrine asserting that monarchs derive authority from God (not from the people or the parliament)

The image shows people looking at a religious figure, people holding up flags, and the people are either kneeling down (as if they are praying) or looking up to the religious figure.

The image suggests that Tousaint Louverture was devoted to God and encouraged the people to turn to catholicism, and that God was on the side of the Haitian people. It also suggests that since God was with the Haitian people, he was against the French colonists

Tousaint's letter to the French Directory, 1797

Toussaint Louverture argues that Haitian men will not allow the French to take away their liberty, and that it would be impossible for slavery to be reestablished in Haiti (San Domingo) because the Haitians know how to face dangers.

Toussaint wanted the French Government to feel intimidated by the Haitian people’s power and devotion to keeping the country safe. He explains this by stating that his men are prepared to fight for Haiti and won’t let their liberty be taken away. Therefore, it would be impossible to reestablish slavery in St. Domingues (same as San Domingo). They even stated that they are willing to kill if that means defending Haiti and Haitian people's if rights.

“…if they had a thousand lives, they would sacrifice them all rather than be forced into slavery again”.

Napoleon reinstated slavery to fund wars (cash cows)

Nationalism/ German and Italian Unification (Packet)

Nationalism - 19th century

Influenced WW1

The effects of nationalism might have on a country

Bringing or dividing/ forming of nations
Map A (Germany) - Bring countries together
Map B (Austria-Hungary) - Divide countries

Nation - A group of people who share a common history, culture, or language and who live in the same area

Nationalism - Strong feelings of support for one’s nation

The effects that nationalism can have

Unification (sovereignty) - Ex: Bastille Day (July 14th), a day to honor the beginning of the French Revolution and honor the history of government based on enlightenment ideals
Tear people apart - Ex: Indian nationalists used Non-violent tactics to protest against British rule
Persecution (revolt, marginalization) - establishing a common enemy (e.g., Germans holding signs saying not to buy from Jews)

In 1815, what two empires existed in Europe?

Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire

How would the establishment of the German Confederation impact existing empires and states?

It would limit the expansion and influence of existing empires/states by creating a unified bloc of German states.

How many different states/kingdoms controlled sections of the Italian peninsula?

P.S. Describe how nationalism affected Europe in the 19th century with regard to the unification of Germany and Italy and the weakening of the Austria-Hungary Empire.

France = French - because it was a common language

Spain = Spanish - as a result of absolute rule

Languages spoken in the Ottoman Empire

Turkish
Masadonian
Albanian
Greek

The Impact of the French Revolution and Napoleon on Euopen Nationalist Movements

Which states controlled land where people spoke German the most?

The German Confederation
A loose association of 39 German-speaking states created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the dissolved Holy Roman Empire

Based on both maps, which areas are most likely to be pulled together by nationalism? Why?

The ones that speak the same language (Germany and Italy)

Which states are likely to be pulled apart by nationalism? Why?

The Austrian and Ottoman Empire

What effects did the French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule have on the german and Italian-speaking people in Europe?

After Napoleon was defeated, the German Confederation was dismantled, and even though the European powers decided to give land back to Prussia and the Austrian Empire, the Germans still liked the idea of unity more. Napoleon also inspired nationalistic feelings in the Italians and gave the Austrian Empire control over Northern Italy.

First French Empire at its greatest extent in 1811
Many countries experience nationalism (specifically the German Confederation)
In 1850, the Congress of Vienna solidified the Confederation
The German Confederation is made up of multiple states
Napoleon set the foundation for unity in Germany, and even though the Congress of Vienna was dismantled, people were still unified. (A stable economy and sharing common language also helped keep Germans unified)

German Unification (1861 - 1871)

Timeline of German Unification

1861 - King Wilhelm I of Prussia comes to power
1861 - Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck as Minister - President of Prussia
1864 - Danish war
1866 - Austro - Prussian War
1870 - 1871 - Franco - Prussian War
January 18, 1871 - The German Empire is proclaimed, uniting Germany

Who were the two leaders of Prussia that lead the unification of Germany?

King Wilhelm and Otto von Bismarck's realpolitik.

Describe Otto von Bismarck’s policy called realpolitik. How was the realpolitik different from the way Maximillien Robespierre led during the French Revolution?

Making political decisions based on practicality instead of ideals. (No emotionally driven decisions/ decisions based on information)

According to Bismarck’s “blood and iron” policy, how was Prussia going to unite the German-speaking people?

Through war and military strength

Which countries did Prussia go to war with to gain control of the German-speaking areas in Europe?

Denmark (north), Austria (east), and France (west)
Starts in 19th century
To build an industrial complex/gain resources
39 states need unify/ supported by the to industrial complex

Italian Unification (1849 - 1878)

Timeline of Italian Unification

1849 - Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Sardinia
1852 - Count Cavour becomes the prime minister of Piedmont
1860 - Giuseppe Garibaldi’s invasions of the Two Sicilies
March 17th, 1861 - Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed
1866 - Italy annexes Venetia
1870 - Italy annexes - Rome, uniting all of the Italian peninsula

Older Italians - less nationalistic

Younger Italians are more nationalistic

Identify the four most important leaders of the Italian Unification

Giuseppe Mazzini
Victor Emmanuel
Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi

Which countries/empires did the Italians have to fight or make deals with to gain conyrol of the entire Italian peninsula?

Austrian Empire, France, and the Papal States

Killed kings to get rid of monarchy system?

Synthesis Map Activity

Map of Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815

Map of Europe in 1914, eve of WW1

Based on the maps above, identify three changes in Europe between 1815 and 1914
No German Confederation in 1914
The Austrian Empire become Austria Hungary
The Ottoman Empire becomes smaller
Unification of Italy and Germany

Based on the maps above, which two states lost the most land in the hundred years after 1815?

Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Empire

New countries developed as a result of unification??

How do you think this affected those two states?

worsened economy
Displaced people

(Austria took over Germany)

Did unification happen because there was no German confederation?

Indirectly
It was ultimatelly fro Bizmarck’s ideals

Nationalism results in political sovereignty in countries today