LING 2005 FOCUSED

Aspect

The properties of an event or situation denoted by the verb phrase.

Aspectual Verbs

Verbs that indicate that an action is ongoing or complete.

Reduplication

The process in which all or part of the base is doubled.

Suppletion

A process where a morpheme is replaced by an entirely different morpheme.

Perfective

A point in time expressing a completed action.

Imperfective

An action that is not completed, repeated, or ongoing.

Infinitive

A form of the verb typically used with another verb in many languages.

Derivation

Modification of a word's function or meaning.

Inflection

The modification of a word's form to indicate grammatical information.

Content Morpheme

A type of morpheme that gives specific meaning.

Function Morpheme

Morpheme used for grammatical purposes.

Definite

Referring to something known or specific.

Indefinite

Referring to something new or unknown.

Conversion (Zero Derivation)

Changes a word to a different syntactic category with no change in form.

Phonotactics

The possible combination of sounds in a specific language.

Vowel Harmony

Vowels adjust to share a phonological feature within a domain.

Epenthesis

Insertion of a segment between two others that violates phonotactic constraints.

Elision

The omission of sounds, syllables, or words.

Metathesis

The transposition or exchange of sounds or syllables in a word.

Auxiliary Verb (Aux)

Verb that specifies the main verb.

Modal Verbs

Verbs that express necessity or possibility (e.g., will, can, may).

Non-Modal Verbs

Verbs like be, have, and do that do not express modality.

Conjunction (Conj)

A word that combines phrases and clauses.

Degree Word

Describes a measure of an adjective or adverb.

Quantifier

Describes the quantity of a noun.

Complementizer

A word connecting complement clauses into matrix clauses.

Prepositions & Postpositions

Lexical categories that function as the head of a prepositional phrase.

Intransitive

Verbs that are used without an object.

Transitive

Verbs that are used with an object.

Spatial Deixis

Descriptions of objects and their relations in a given environment.

Temporal Deixis

Refers to the various times involved in an utterance.

Deixis

The use of words to specify time, place, or person depending on context.

Associative

Expresses 'X and the group associated with X'.

Benefactive

One constituent receives the benefit of the situation (FOR).

Genitive

An attributive relationship of one noun to another.

Locative

Indicates a location.

Ergative

Grammatical case identifying the agent of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages.

Absolutive

Marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb.

Nominative

Generally marks the subject of a verb.

Accusative

The grammatical case used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb.

Dative

The recipient or beneficiary in an action.

Embedded Clause

A subordinate clause placed within a main clause.

Recursive Embedded Clauses

A sentence structure using clauses embedded within other clauses.

Complement Clause

A subordinate clause functioning as the subject or object of a verb.

Relative Clause

A clause that describes a noun but cannot stand alone.

Transformations

A syntactic rule that moves an element from one position to another.