LING 2005 FOCUSED
Aspect: the properties of an event or situation denoted by the verb phrase (context)
Aspectual verbs: verbs that help indicate that an action is ongoing or complete such as, continue to dance;stop driving
Reduplication: all or part of the base is doubled (part = partial reduplication)
Suppletion: a morpheme is replaced by an entirely different morpheme
Perfective: a point or unit of time expressing a completed action (something has happened and is done)
Imperfective: an action not completed, repeated, or ongoing (flow of time)
Infinitive: a form of the verb that is typically used together with another verb in many languages,
Derivation: modification of a word’s function or meaning (eg V → N)
Inflection: the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information
Content Morpheme: type of morpheme, for example noun, adjective, bound root, etc, give specific meaning
Function Morphemes: for grammar, for example determiners, inflectional affixes, pronouns
Definite: something known (quantity, specificity)
Indefinite: something new or unknown
Conversion (zero derivation): changes an existing word to a different syntactic category with no change in its form. (n → V but same word)
Derivation: changes an existing word to a different syntactic category with a change in its form.
Phonotactics: the possible combination of sounds in a specific language
Vowel Harmony: vowels within a domain adjust to share one or more phonological feature such as height.
Epenthesis: the insertion of a segment between two other segments that would otherwise be violating a phonotactic constraint.
Elision: the omission of sounds, syllables, or words.
Metathesis: the transposition or exchange of sounds or syllables in a word.
Auxiliary verb (Aux): ‘specifies’ the verb
modal verbs: will, would, can, could, may, might, must, should
non-modal verbs: be, have, do
Conjunction (Conj): combines phrases and clauses
Degree word: describes a measure of Adj or P
Quantifier: describes the quantity of N
Complementizer: connects complement clauses into matrix clauses
I hope that I have enough time
Prepositions & Postpositions: A lexical category that functions as the head of a prepositional phrase (into, with, for, etc.) and occurs:
PREPOSITION: before its complement (a hat)
POSTPOSITION: after its complement (hat a)
Intransitive: Verbs that are used without an object
Transitive: Verbs that are used with an object
spatial (deictic): descriptions of objects and their relations in a given environment
here, there, that, etc.
temporal (deictic): the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance
now, then, later, etc.
deixis: the use of certain words to specify time, place, or person whose denotation changes with context
associative: a grammatical category that expresses "X and the group (of one or more members) associated with X", where X is a nominal, usually a person.
“Susan and her colleagues”
benefactive: one constituent receives the benefit of the situation in the clause (FOR)
“She opened the door for Tom”
genitive: an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun (‘s, of)
“Mary’s book is about the men of Rome”
locative: indicates a location “The book is on the table”
ergative: the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative– absolutive languages.
absolutive: the case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in addition to being used for the citation form of a noun.
nominative: generally marks the subject of a verb, the noun
“She greeted him"
accusative: the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb,
“She greeted him”
dative: the recipient or beneficiary of an action, typically a giving action (TO)
“She gave the book to him”
Embedded Clause: a type of subordinate clause placed within the main clause in a sentence. They do not make sense as stand- alone sentences, unlike main clauses.
Recursive Embedded Clauses: the sentence is expressed by using a clause embedded within a clause, embedded within another clause
Complement Clause: a subordinate clause that functions as the subject or object of a verb, thereby completing the sentence
Relative Clause: It has a subject and verb, but can't stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun.
Transformations: a syntactic rule that can move an element from one position to another.