EXAM 4

What is conception?

The fertilization of an egg by a sperm, resulting in the formation of a zygote.

What is gestation?

The period of time between conception and birth, typically lasting about 40 weeks in humans.

What is the function of the placenta?

An organ that develops during pregnancy, providing nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products.

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg cell formed after sperm fertilizes an egg, marking the beginning of pregnancy.

What defines an embryo?

The developing organism from the second week to the eighth week after conception.

What is a fetus?

The developing organism from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.

How is an infant defined?

A child in the first year of life, typically after birth until they turn one.

What are teratogens?

Substances or environmental factors that cause birth defects or developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

What is the purpose of the umbilical cord?

A tube-like structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, through which nutrients and waste products are exchanged.

What is a neonate?

A newborn baby, typically the first 28 days of life.

What is hunger?

A physiological signal or drive indicating the need for food.

What is the recommended weight gain during the first trimester of pregnancy?

1-4 pounds.

How much weight should a pregnant individual gain during the second and third trimesters?

1 pound per week.

What is the total recommended weight gain for someone with a normal BMI during pregnancy?

25-35 pounds.

What substances can affect male fertility?

Environmental toxins, smoking, excessive alcohol, and stress.

What is the critical period for neural tube development?

The first 4-6 weeks of pregnancy.

What nutrient is crucial for preventing neural tube defects?

Folic acid.

What is pica?

The craving and consumption of non-food items, which may indicate nutritional deficiencies.

What macronutrient consumption is recommended for pregnant women?

45-65% carbs, 20-35% fats, and 10-35% proteins.

Which vitamins and minerals are especially important during pregnancy?

Folate, iron, calcium, and vitamin D.

How does alcohol consumption affect pregnancy?

It can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), which may cause developmental delays and physical abnormalities.

Why are pregnant women more susceptible to foodborne illnesses?

Due to changes in the immune system and physiological factors.

What kind of physical activity is recommended during pregnancy?

Moderate physical activity, avoiding any activities that involve a risk of falling or trauma to the abdomen.

What are common health problems during pregnancy?

Morning sickness, gestational diabetes, hypertension, anemia, and preeclampsia.

What is listeriosis?

A foodborne illness caused by Listeria bacteria that can harm the fetus.

What is gestational diabetes?

Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, increasing future type 2 diabetes risk.

What is preeclampsia?

A condition involving high blood pressure and organ damage during pregnancy.

What factors can make a pregnancy high-risk?

Teen pregnancies, maternal age over 35, preexisting medical conditions, or complications from previous pregnancies.

What are the macronutrient needs for infants?

High amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and fat for growth and development.

What are the benefits of lactation?

It provides ideal nutrition for infants and boosts immune protection.

Where is milk produced in the breast?

In the alveoli within the mammary glands.

What is the difference between prolactin and oxytocin?

Prolactin stimulates milk production; oxytocin causes milk ejection from the breast.

What limitations can affect breastfeeding?

Insufficient milk supply, inverted nipples, sore nipples, or maternal health issues.

What is the composition of breast milk?

Foremilk is watery; hindmilk is richer in fat.

What defines an infant?

A child from birth to 1 year old.

What is the energy need for infants based on?

Rapid growth and higher metabolic rates.

What foods should be given to infants during the first 6 months?

Exclusive breast milk or formula, as cow's milk is not appropriate.

What complementary foods can be introduced around 6 months?

Pureed fruits, vegetables, rice cereal, and soft foods.

What specialized nutrition might preterm infants require?

Higher calorie formulas or fortified breast milk.

What are common infant health issues?

Jaundice, allergies, and reactions to allergenic foods.

What impact does introducing peanuts to infants have?

It may reduce the risk of peanut allergies.

What are the most common food allergies in the US?

Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish.

What percentage of children in the US have food allergies?

Approximately 8%.

When should complementary foods be introduced to infants?

Around 6 months of age.

What is a toddler defined as?

A child between the ages of 1 and 3 years.

What macronutrient needs are critical for toddlers?

Adequate fat for brain development, protein for growth, and carbohydrates for energy.

What contributes to obesity in toddlers?

Poor eating habits, portion control issues, and lack of physical activity.

How can iron deficiency anemia be mitigated?

With iron-rich foods and vitamin C to enhance iron absorption.

What does WIC stand for?

Women, Infants, and Children, providing nutrition assistance to low-income families.

What nonfood items are commonly consumed by children with pica?

Dirt, clay, or paint chips.

What age is typically referred to as childhood?

Ages 2-12 years.

What age range does adolescence cover?

Typically ages 13-18 years, with extensibility into the early 20s.

What is the recommended physical activity for preschool-aged children?

At least 3 hours of physical activity throughout the day.

What are the macronutrient requirements during adolescence?

Carbohydrates: 45-65%, Proteins: 10-30%, Fats: 25-35%.

What micronutrients are key for adolescents?

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Iron, Calcium, Vitamin C, and Folate.

What is food security?

Having consistent access to enough nutritious food for an active and healthy life.

What does SNAP stand for?

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

What is the impact of lead toxicity on children?

It can impair cognitive development and lead to learning disabilities.

What happens during early puberty?

Beginning of hormonal changes, growth spurts, and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

What are the energy needs for boys and girls during puberty?

Boys: 2,200-3,000 calories/day; Girls: 1,800-2,400 calories/day.

What characterizes anorexia nervosa?

Self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss.

What are key measures to prevent childhood obesity?

Encourage physical activity, limit screen time, and promote healthy eating.

What are the stages of adulthood?

Young adulthood (20-40), middle adulthood (40-65), late adulthood (65+).

What happens to energy needs in adulthood?

Energy needs decrease with age due to a slower metabolism.

What is the significance of SoFAAS?

Solid Fats and Added Sugars contribute to chronic diseases and poor nutrition.

What are the major micronutrient needs in adulthood?

Calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Folate, Vitamin A, and Magnesium.

What is menopause?

Cessation of menstruation and decline in estrogen levels, occurring between ages 45-55.

What are common health concerns in late adulthood?

Dementia, Alzheimer's, dysphagia, obesity, anorexia of aging.

What is the leading cause of death in adults?

Cardiovascular disease.