Chapter 8 Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction.

Growth

Cell duplicates its contents, including DNA and organelles.

Cell division

Parent cell contents divides into two daughter cells.

Asexual reproduction

A type of reproduction where organisms do not require sperm and egg; examples include binary fission in bacteria and fragmentation in California blackworms.

Binary Fission

The process by which prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce, involving chromosome replication and cell division into two identical daughter cells.

Chromosomes

DNA packaged into a thickened complex of DNA and protein, allowing for easier distribution to daughter cells.

DNA replication

The copying of DNA, ensuring that a full set is passed to each daughter cell.

Chromatin

DNA and associated proteins with the appearance of thin threads when the cell is not dividing.

Sister chromatids

Duplicated chromosomes composed of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

Histones

DNA is periodically wound around these to form nucleosomes.

Cell Cycle

An orderly sequence of stages that takes place between the time a new cell has arisen to the point where it gives rise to two daughter cells.

Cell Cycle Phases

The two main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase and Mitotic (M) Phase.

G1 Phase

The stage before DNA replication where the cell doubles organelles and accumulates materials for DNA synthesis.

S Phase

The stage of interphase where DNA synthesis occurs, resulting in each chromosome being composed of two sister chromatids.

G2 Phase

The stage following DNA synthesis, extending to the onset of mitosis, where the cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division.

M (Mitotic) Phase

Encompasses the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

Mitosis

Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis.

Spindle

The part of the cytoskeleton that most eukaryotic cells rely on to pull chromatids apart during cell division; made of microtubules.

Centrosome

The primary microtubule organizing center in the cell.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Phases of mitosis

Cleavage

The process by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis, forming a shallow groove in the cell surface that deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two.

Cell Plate

Newly formed plasma membrane in plant cells