Chapter 8 Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction.

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22 Terms

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Growth

Cell duplicates its contents, including DNA and organelles.

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Cell division

Parent cell contents divides into two daughter cells.

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Asexual reproduction

A type of reproduction where organisms do not require sperm and egg; examples include binary fission in bacteria and fragmentation in California blackworms.

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Binary Fission

The process by which prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce, involving chromosome replication and cell division into two identical daughter cells.

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Chromosomes

DNA packaged into a thickened complex of DNA and protein, allowing for easier distribution to daughter cells.

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DNA replication

The copying of DNA, ensuring that a full set is passed to each daughter cell.

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Chromatin

DNA and associated proteins with the appearance of thin threads when the cell is not dividing.

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Sister chromatids

Duplicated chromosomes composed of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

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Histones

DNA is periodically wound around these to form nucleosomes.

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Cell Cycle

An orderly sequence of stages that takes place between the time a new cell has arisen to the point where it gives rise to two daughter cells.

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Cell Cycle Phases

The two main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase and Mitotic (M) Phase.

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G1 Phase

The stage before DNA replication where the cell doubles organelles and accumulates materials for DNA synthesis.

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S Phase

The stage of interphase where DNA synthesis occurs, resulting in each chromosome being composed of two sister chromatids.

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G2 Phase

The stage following DNA synthesis, extending to the onset of mitosis, where the cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division.

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M (Mitotic) Phase

Encompasses the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

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Mitosis

Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis.

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Spindle

The part of the cytoskeleton that most eukaryotic cells rely on to pull chromatids apart during cell division; made of microtubules.

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Centrosome

The primary microtubule organizing center in the cell.

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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Phases of mitosis

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Cleavage

The process by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis, forming a shallow groove in the cell surface that deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two.

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Cell Plate

Newly formed plasma membrane in plant cells