CH 12: Learning to be a Better Student

Carl Rogers

Quoted “The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change.”

Behaviorists

Define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experiences

Cognitive Psychologists

Define learning as a process that leads to change as a result of experience.

Learning

Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience.

It is a transformational process that leads to personal growth and development.

Helps an individual adapt to the constantly changing environment.

It starts at birth and continues throughout life. It is a constant process that can result from direct and indirect experiences.

Individuals learn from one another through observation and imitation.

Learning is important to the survival of human beings because it enables them to discover new knowledge, technology, and interventions.

(1) observation (2) imitation

Individuals learn from one another through (1) ____ and (2) ____.

(1) Development (2) learning

(1) ___ and (2) ___ are powerful agents of change throughout one's life which induce structural and functional plasticity in the neural systems of the brain,

Neuroplasticity

Ability of the brain to change throughout one's life. It involves the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information processing areas.

1. Increase in the number of synapses between neurons

2. Change in the function and structure of the neurons

2 Ways the Ability of the Brains to Change Occurs

Neurons

Basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit impulses or messages

1. Cell Body (soma)

2. Dendrites

3. Axon

3 Parts of Every Neuron

Synapse

A neuron transmits impulses or messages to another neuron through this junction

Neurotransmitters

The electrochemicals that connect and allow the transmission of impulses from one neuron to another

Acetylcholine, Glutamate, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

4 examples of neurotransmitters that are associated with memory and learning

Cerebral Cortex

The process of neuroplasticity, or changes in the structure and functions of the neurons in the brain, usually happens in the what, which is the wrinkled layer of the brain?

Packed with neurons and is responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain.

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

Human Learning, Thought, Memory, Language

The cerebral cortex plays a key role in what 4 areas?

declines

Although the brain continues to grow and develop throughout one's life, the overall number of neurons and synapses ___ with age.

Dr. Michael Merzenich

Leader in the field of neuroplasticity research that suggests that learning new knowledge and skills every day keeps the structures of the brain in constant change, which increases its ability to learn

Metacognition

Awareness of one's thinking and the strategies one uses to learn

Simply defined as cognition about cognition or thinking about thinking

John Flavell

Psychologist that identifies two components of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.

Metacognitive Knowledge & Metacognitive Regulation

2 Components of Metacognition, according to John Flavell

Metacognitive Knowledge

One of the components of Metacognition, according to John Flavell

Includes knowledge of one's own cognitive abilities, knowledge of cognitive tasks, and knowledge of the strategies to complete the cognitive tasks

Metacognitive Regulation

One of the components of Metacognition, according to John Flavell

Refers to how an individual monitors and controls his or her cognitive processes.

Zimmerman

Defined self-regulated learning (SRL) as the process in which students systematically direct their thoughts, feelings, and actions towards the attainment of their academic goals

Self-Regulated Learning

Process in which students systematically direct their thoughts, feelings, and actions towards the attainment of their academic goals

Process of taking control of, and evaluating, one's own learning and behavior

It is a self-directed process through which students transform their mental abilities into academic skills.

It is also a cyclical process in which a student plans for a task, monitors his or her performance, and reflects on the outcome. The cycle is then repeated as the student uses his or her reflections ot adjust and prepare for the next task.

Thus, students practices this by setting goals, selecting and using strategies, monitoring their performance, and reflecting on their learning outcomes

Planning, Problem-Solving, Self-Evaluation

3 Essential Components of Self-Regulated Learning

Planning

One of the essential components of Self-Regulated Learning

Increases efficiency, control, and motivation

Problem-Solving

One of the essential components of Self-Regulated Learning

Allows students to learn to think and look for solutions when faced with adversities

Self-Evaluation

One of the essential components of Self-Regulated Learning

Increases self-awareness, which leads to a better understanding of one’s own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses.

False

True or False: Cognition refers to emotions.

True

True or False: The number of neurons and synapses declines with age.

True

True or False: The structures of the brain keep changing.

True

True or False: The cortex is divided into 4 lobes.

True

True or False: Learning is a constant process.

True

True or False: Self-regulated learning is a cyclical process.

True

True or False: Neuroplasticity usually happens in the cortex.

False

True or False: The two components of self-regulated learning are knowledge and regulation.

False

True or False: Self-regulation is a mental ability.

False

True or False: Metacognition is thinking about how others think.