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Hormone Types
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1
Peptide Hormones
Hormones that are chains of amino acids, water-soluble, and bind to receptors on the cell surface.
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2
Solubility of Peptide Hormones
Water-soluble, cannot pass through the cell membrane because water and fat don't mix.
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3
Mechanism of Action for Peptide Hormones
Bind to receptors on the cell surface, activating second messenger systems like G-protein coupled receptors and cAMP.
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4
Examples of Peptide Hormones
Insulin, Growth hormone, Parathyroid hormone, Epinephrine, Vasopressin.
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5
Amine Hormones
Hormones derived from single amino acids, usually tyrosine or tryptophan.
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6
Types of Amine Hormones
Water-soluble amines (like adrenaline) and fat-soluble amines (like thyroid hormones).
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7
Water-Soluble Amines
Behave like peptide hormones, cannot pass through the cell membrane, bind to surface receptors.
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8
Fat-Soluble Amines
Act like steroid hormones, can pass through the cell membrane to bind to intracellular receptors.
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9
Examples of Amine Hormones
Adrenaline (epinephrine), Thyroid hormones (T3, T4).
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10
Steroid Hormones
Hormones derived from cholesterol, fat-soluble, can easily pass through the cell membrane.
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11
Mechanism of Action for Steroid Hormones
Bind to intracellular receptors after passing through the cell membrane, and modulate gene expression directly.
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12
Examples of Steroid Hormones
Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol.
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13
G-protein coupled receptors
A type of receptor activated by peptide hormones that initiates second messenger systems.
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14
cAMP
A second messenger involved in signaling pathways activated by peptide hormones.
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15
Vasopressin
Also known as ADH, it regulates water balance in kidneys.
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16
Epinephrine
Also known as adrenaline, it is involved in the fight or flight response.
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