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Environmental justice
unequal sociogeographic distribution of environmental hazards
Dr. Fredlund’s
Aspects of ___ work in environmental justice
Uluguru, Tanzania
Critical watershed
Biodiversity hotspot
Changes in Uluguru, Tanzania
rains are becoming unpredictable
downstream flows are becoming less reliable
forest areas and biodiversity are declining
Environmental racism
enactment/enforcement of any policy, practice, or regulation that negatively affects the living environment of low income and/or ethically marginalized communities at a higher rate
Colonialism
Examples of climate change and ___:
the countries most responsible for emissions are former colonial powers
those who are facing the worst impacts are in former (or current) colonies
climate change is deepening existing inequalities
many climate solutions further deepen those inequalities
Green grabbing (green colonialism)
the appropriation of land and resources for environmental purposes, resulting in the displacement of local communities
Green grabbing in Fredlund’s work
Maasai people have been forcibly relocated to make room for parks and game reserves
this process began during the colonial period
today, there are renewed threats to Maasai land rights
Examples of how climate change exacerbates other harms resulting from structural violence
increasing temperatures, droughts, floods —> malnutrition due to food shortages, higher food prices
forced migration due to displacement —> health consequences
political, economic, and social instability from food insecurity, forced displacement —> collective violence
Additive solutions
adding something to a problem to improve it (new features, people, rules)
Subtractive solution to environmental preservation
removing something from a problem to improve it (removing steps, outdated rules, simplifying)
Statelessness/stateless person
one “who is not considered a national by any State under the operation of its law”
Refugee
someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence
Asylum
the protection granted by a nation to someone who ahs left their natuve country as a political refugee
Internally displaced person (IDP)
someone who has been forced to flee their home but stay within the national boundaries (they seek safety anywhere: towns, schools, settlements, internal camps, forest, fields)
Economic precarity
a state of insecurity about one's financial well-being, often stemming from insufficient resources, unstable employment, or other economic vulnerabilities
Juridicial precarity
the legal insecurity or uncertainty experienced by individuals, often migrants, due to bureaucratic regimes and processes, leading to a sense of permanent insecurity and potential vulnerability
Cultural imperialism
a dominant culture imposes their culture on a less politically or economically powerful community
Hegemony
language use is central to the production of ___ which is the dominance of one country or group over all others
Human rights (defined by the Universal Declaration on Human Rights)
depends on an assumed universal and essential human nature, which is naturally endowed with certain rights
rights are ‘inalienable’
article 1: “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”
Definitions of ‘personhood’ that human rights discourse relies on:
there is stable, coherent, knowable self that is conscious, rational, autonomous, and universal
this self knows itself and the world through reason
the rational self knows the world through “science” which can provide universal truths about the world, regardless, of the individual status of the knower
the knowledge/truth produced by science will always lead toward progress and perfection
reason is the ultimate judge of what is true, and therefore of what is right, and what is good
Talal Asad’s critique of how human rights rights are protected internationally:
Human rights depend on national rights (rights that constitute, protect, and punish one as the citizen of a nation state).
The state has the power to use human rights discourse to coerce its own citizens— just as colonial rulers had the power to use it against their own subjects.
In defending its citizens’ human rights it is only the state that can legally threaten to punish violators.
Cultural imperialism’s relevance to human rights discourse:
globalization involves impositions of (Western or American) cultural values and material forms on the rest of the world often through the export of cultural commodities (art, film, media)
Seen as a new form of domination
underpinned by fears of cultural homogenization or the “McDonaldization” of the world
Critiques of cultural imperialism discourse:
assumes passivity of those on the receiving end or the “hypodermic model”
flow is not just from West to the rest; “diasporic attachments” create movement in the opposite direction
many forms of culture circumvent the West altogether (flows among different Third-world countries)
Moral foundations for arguments about human rights:
human dignity
equality and non-discrimination
autonomy and freedom
justice and fairness
natural law
Legal frameworks used to support human rights:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
World Child Welfare Charter of the League of Nations
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
The Bill of Rights
and more
Universalist argument about human rights
argument that asserts fundamental rights apply to all humans regardless of context
Relativist argument about human rights
argument that asserts that rights are culturally determined, varying across cultures and individuals
Part of Fassin’s argument: “the truth of asylum”
asylum seekers must prove they meet the criteria for refugee status
the truth is shaped by laws and the state’s requirements for what constitutes a valid claim
shaped by governmental/institutional frameworks
Part of Fassin’s argument: what is “true” in the Asylum Seeker’s testimony
asylum seekers provide testimony based on their lived experiences, personal struggles, fears - deeply personal
may not align with the legal definitions of persecution
makes asylum seekers at odds with what the state perceives as valid
Factors that influence who is granted asylum or not
if the asylum seeker’s claim meets the legal criteria
race
nationality
socioeconomic status
How refugees are treated in global south:
mass treatment in camps, precarious living conditions, vague collective evidence to justify status as refugee
How refugees are treated in global north:
individualized selection, unequivocal individual evidence (proof) demanded to justify status
Shift from asylum as a right to humanitarian gesture
states frame their decision to grant asylum as an act of generosity or compassion, rather than a legal obligation
Global south
The place in the world that has the heaviest burden to care for refugees
Reasons why the global south carries the heaviest burden to care for refugees:
proximity to conflict zones
economic and political instability
global inequality
internation neglect