Meeker ANT100 Test 2 Concepts

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35 Terms

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Environmental justice

unequal sociogeographic distribution of environmental hazards

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Dr. Fredlund’s

Aspects of ___ work in environmental justice

  • Uluguru, Tanzania

  • Critical watershed

  • Biodiversity hotspot

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Changes in Uluguru, Tanzania

  • rains are becoming unpredictable

  • downstream flows are becoming less reliable

  • forest areas and biodiversity are declining

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Environmental racism

enactment/enforcement of any policy, practice, or regulation that negatively affects the living environment of low income and/or ethically marginalized communities at a higher rate

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Colonialism

Examples of climate change and ___:

  • the countries most responsible for emissions are former colonial powers

  • those who are facing the worst impacts are in former (or current) colonies

  • climate change is deepening existing inequalities

  • many climate solutions further deepen those inequalities

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Green grabbing (green colonialism)

the appropriation of land and resources for environmental purposes, resulting in the displacement of local communities

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Green grabbing in Fredlund’s work

  • Maasai people have been forcibly relocated to make room for parks and game reserves

  • this process began during the colonial period

  • today, there are renewed threats to Maasai land rights

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Examples of how climate change exacerbates other harms resulting from structural violence

  • increasing temperatures, droughts, floods —> malnutrition due to food shortages, higher food prices

  • forced migration due to displacement —> health consequences

  • political, economic, and social instability from food insecurity, forced displacement —> collective violence

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Additive solutions

adding something to a problem to improve it (new features, people, rules)

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Subtractive solution to environmental preservation

removing something from a problem to improve it (removing steps, outdated rules, simplifying)

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Statelessness/stateless person

one “who is not considered a national by any State under the operation of its law”

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Refugee

someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence

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Asylum

the protection granted by a nation to someone who ahs left their natuve country as a political refugee

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Internally displaced person (IDP)

someone who has been forced to flee their home but stay within the national boundaries (they seek safety anywhere: towns, schools, settlements, internal camps, forest, fields)

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Economic precarity

a state of insecurity about one's financial well-being, often stemming from insufficient resources, unstable employment, or other economic vulnerabilities

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Juridicial precarity

the legal insecurity or uncertainty experienced by individuals, often migrants, due to bureaucratic regimes and processes, leading to a sense of permanent insecurity and potential vulnerability

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Cultural imperialism

a dominant culture imposes their culture on a less politically or economically powerful community

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Hegemony

language use is central to the production of ___ which is the dominance of one country or group over all others

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Human rights (defined by the Universal Declaration on Human Rights)

  • depends on an assumed universal and essential human nature, which is naturally endowed with certain rights

  • rights are ‘inalienable’

  • article 1: “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”

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Definitions of ‘personhood’ that human rights discourse relies on:

  • there is stable, coherent, knowable self that is conscious, rational, autonomous, and universal

  • this self knows itself and the world through reason

  • the rational self knows the world through “science” which can provide universal truths about the world, regardless, of the individual status of the knower

  • the knowledge/truth produced by science will always lead toward progress and perfection

  • reason is the ultimate judge of what is true, and therefore of what is right, and what is good

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Talal Asad’s critique of how human rights rights are protected internationally:

  • Human rights depend on national rights (rights that constitute, protect, and punish one as the citizen of a nation state).

  • The state has the power to use human rights discourse to coerce its own citizens— just as colonial rulers had the power to use it against their own subjects.

  • In defending its citizens’ human rights it is only the state that can legally threaten to punish violators.

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Cultural imperialism’s relevance to human rights discourse:

  • globalization involves impositions of (Western or American) cultural values and material forms on the rest of the world often through the export of cultural commodities (art, film, media)

  • Seen as a new form of domination

  • underpinned by fears of cultural homogenization or the “McDonaldization” of the world

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Critiques of cultural imperialism discourse:

  • assumes passivity of those on the receiving end or the “hypodermic model”

  • flow is not just from West to the rest; “diasporic attachments” create movement in the opposite direction

  • many forms of culture circumvent the West altogether (flows among different Third-world countries)

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Moral foundations for arguments about human rights:

  • human dignity

  • equality and non-discrimination

  • autonomy and freedom

  • justice and fairness

  • natural law

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Legal frameworks used to support human rights:

  • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

  • World Child Welfare Charter of the League of Nations

  • United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

  • The Bill of Rights

  • and more

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Universalist argument about human rights

argument that asserts fundamental rights apply to all humans regardless of context

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Relativist argument about human rights

argument that asserts that rights are culturally determined, varying across cultures and individuals

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Part of Fassin’s argument: “the truth of asylum”

  • asylum seekers must prove they meet the criteria for refugee status

  • the truth is shaped by laws and the state’s requirements for what constitutes a valid claim

  • shaped by governmental/institutional frameworks

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Part of Fassin’s argument: what is “true” in the Asylum Seeker’s testimony

  • asylum seekers provide testimony based on their lived experiences, personal struggles, fears - deeply personal

  • may not align with the legal definitions of persecution

  • makes asylum seekers at odds with what the state perceives as valid

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Factors that influence who is granted asylum or not

  • if the asylum seeker’s claim meets the legal criteria

  • race

  • nationality

  • socioeconomic status

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How refugees are treated in global south:

mass treatment in camps, precarious living conditions, vague collective evidence to justify status as refugee

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How refugees are treated in global north:

individualized selection, unequivocal individual evidence (proof) demanded to justify status

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Shift from asylum as a right to humanitarian gesture

states frame their decision to grant asylum as an act of generosity or compassion, rather than a legal obligation

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Global south

The place in the world that has the heaviest burden to care for refugees

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Reasons why the global south carries the heaviest burden to care for refugees:

  • proximity to conflict zones

  • economic and political instability

  • global inequality

  • internation neglect