Photosynthesis and Energy Transfer

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to photosynthesis, including processes, structures, and the variations of plants.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.

Inputs of Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are the primary inputs required for the process.

Outputs of Photosynthesis

The outputs of photosynthesis are glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).

Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contains thylakoids for light capture.

Thylakoid

Membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and are the site of the light-dependent reactions.

Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis that converts sunlight into chemical energy as ATP and NADPH.

Light-Independent Reactions

The stage of photosynthesis that does not require light; uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from CO₂.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, an energy-carrying molecule used in cells for energy transfer.

NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an energy-carrying molecule that transfers electrons and hydrogen.

C3 Plants

Plants that fix carbon dioxide into three-carbon molecules during photosynthesis, common in moderate climates.

C4 Plants

Plants that fix carbon dioxide into four-carbon molecules, allowing them to efficiently photosynthesize in high-light and warm conditions.

CAM Plants

Plants that fix carbon dioxide at night to reduce water loss, typically found in arid environments.

Stomata

Tiny openings on plant leaves that regulate gas exchange; allow CO₂ in and O₂ out.

Calvin Cycle

The light-independent stage of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Energy in the form of waves, including visible light, which plants use in photosynthesis.

Chemosynthesis

The process by which organisms use chemical energy from inorganic compounds to produce food, often found in extreme environments.