APUSH SUMMER TEST STUDY GUIDE #2

Pueblo People

Native Americans who lived in modern-day Utah and Colorado, known for farming and advanced irrigation systems.

Iroquois People

Native Americans from the Northeast who lived communally in longhouses and practiced agriculture.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World, enhancing trade and food production.

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

Agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, with Spain claiming west of Brazil and Portugal east.

John Cabot in North America 1497

Explorer who discovered Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island, commissioned by King Henry VII of England.

Ponce de Leon in Florida 1513

First European to reach Florida, naming it after the Easter celebration, Pascua Florida.

Coronado in SW US 1540

Spanish explorer who sought the Seven Cities of Cibola, traveling from Mexico to Kansas.

Mestizo

A person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.

Founding of Roanoke 1584

First European sighting of Roanoke Island, aimed at disrupting Spanish shipping and seeking gold.

Sir Francis Drake WC 1579

Explorer who discovered San Francisco, repairing his ship, the "Golden Hind."

Founding of Jamestown 1607

First permanent English settlement in North America, established by 104 English men.

Headright System

Land grants to settlers who paid for immigrants to colonial America, promoting population growth.

Bartolomé de las Casas

First European advocate for Native American rights in the New World.

Spanish Mission System

Catholic missions aimed at converting Native Americans to Christianity.

Founding of Quebec 1608

First permanent French settlement in North America, established by Samuel de Champlain.

Tobacco Farming VA 1614

John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia.

Slaves Brought to British America 1619

Enslaved Africans from Angola were traded in Virginia for supplies.

Rice Cultivation in the Carolinas

Established in the 1690s due to favorable geography and climate for rice farming.

Plymouth Colony and Mayflower Compact 1620

Self-governance rules established by English settlers landing in Plymouth.

Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

Settled by Puritans under Governor John Winthrop, emphasizing Puritan values.

"City Upon a Hill" John Winthrop

Vision of a godly society that would be a model for the world.

Roger Williams 1634

Banished from Massachusetts Bay for advocating religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Maryland Toleration Act 1649

Ensured religious freedom for Christians in the Maryland colony.

Navigation Acts 1650

Laws restricting colonial trade with other European nations.

Bacon’s Rebellion 1676

Armed uprising in Virginia against Governor Berkeley's policies regarding Native Americans.

Dominion of New England 1686

Union of New England colonies aimed at tightening British control.

King William’s War 1689

First of six colonial wars between New France and New England.

Salem Witch Trials 1692

Prosecutions of individuals accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts.

Enlightenment

18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason and science over tradition.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating natural law, social contract, and the right to revolution.

King Philip’s War

Conflict between Indian tribes and New England colonists, named after Metacom.

Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the 18th century, increasing spiritual enthusiasm.

George Whitefield

Influential preacher who promoted love and forgiveness, leading to missionary work.

Molasses Act

British law taxing molasses, sugar, and rum imported into North American colonies.

French and Indian War Begins 1754

Conflict over territory in the Ohio Valley between French and British.

Albany Plan of Union 1754

Proposal for a centralized government for British North American colonies.

French and Indian War 1754-1763

North American theater of the Seven Years War, establishing British dominance.

Writs of Assistance 1761

General search warrants empowering customs officials to combat smuggling.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Years War, redistributing territories among Britain, France, and Spain.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Indian uprising against British expansion after the French and Indian War.

Proclamation Line of 1763

British decree forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Sugar Act 1764

Tax on sugar and other goods, leading to colonial resistance.

Stamp Act 1765

Tax on newspapers and official

stamp act congress

first convention called for by the American Colonies to discuss a unified response to the Stamp Act 

quartering act 1766

1500 British troops arrived in NYC but they failed to comply with the act and refused to provide supplies to the troops, so they were forced to remain on their ships 

townshend acts 1767

initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea 

boston massacre 1770

british sentries guarding the Boston Customs house shot into a crowd of civilians who were insulting and threatening them, killing three men and injuring eight 

committees of correspondence

longstanding institutions that functioned mainly as a means of spreading news and info about the Patriot cause and mobilizing opposition to British policies in cities, towns, and communities throughout the colonies 

boston tea party 1773

political protest in Griffin's Wharf in Boston by American colonists who were frustrated at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation” dumped 342 chests of tea imported by the British East India company into the harbor 

intolerable acts 1774

series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of MA Bay for the Boston Tea Party

Sons of liberty

an organization of American colonists by Samual Adams in the early years of the American revolution that used acts of civil disobedience and violence to protest British taxation and push for independence 

first continental congress philly 1774

meeting held in Carpenters Hall in Philly from Sept-Oct with all colonies except for Georgia; the colonies presented were there in determination to show a combined authority to Great Britain 

second continental congress 1775

delegates from all colonies that met in Philly soon after warfare in the revolution 

paine’s common sense 1776

written by Thomas Paine and called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from england; he believed that a small heavenly body should not be controlling a larger one/England shouldn’t rule over the colonies 

declaration of independence 1776

formal document in which the continental congress detailed its reasons for breaking political bonds with Great Britain and it declared independence from British rule 

articles of confederation 1777

first constitution of the US and they established a loose confederation of states with a weak central government; government was given the power to conduct foreign relations and regulate trade between states 

treaty of paris 1783

ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the USA and its allies on the other; recognized US independence and granted the US significant western territory 

shay’s rebellion 1786

uprising in MA because a shortage of hard money left western farmers in danger of losing their lands to foreclosure as a failure to pay their debts and taxes; exposed the weakness of the government under the articles of confederation 

constitutional convention 1787

a meeting called to address the problem of the weak central government that existed under the articles of confederation; proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches 

federalist vs. anti-federalists

federalists wanted a strong central government while anti-federalists wanted small state governments 

great/connecticut compromise

agreement between the small and largest states defining legislative structure and representation that each state would be entitled to in the US constitution; congress would become a two part body with each state having a number of representatives in the lower (the House) proportional to its population and two representatives in the upper (the Senate)

⅗ compromise

part of the constitutional convention that determined that three out of five slaves were counted when determining a state total population for legislative representation and taxation; slaves were considered ⅗ a person 

northwest ordinance

established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the union on equal footing with the original 13 states

bill of rights ratified 1791

¾ of the existing state legislatures ratified the first 10 amendments of the constitution; anti-federalists felt that a bill of rights was needed to safeguard individual liberty 

first bank of the united states established

established 1791 and was a central bank proposed by Alexander Hamilton; it issued paper money, completed commercial transactions, and collected government tax revenues as well as lent money to the government; improve and build the nations credit and create common currency 

hamilton vs. jefferson

hamilton became leading voice of the federalists who believed the federal government needed to be strong and jefferson argued that too much power in the hands of the government would lead to a tyranny 

hiskey rebellion 1794

uprising of western PA farmers in response to Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey; first test of federal authority in the US 

jay’s treaty 1795

between US and GB where Britain agreed to evacuate the northwest territory by june 1796 to compensate for its depredations against American shipping, end discrimination against American commerce, and to grant US trading privileges in England and the British East Indies 

pinckney’s treaty

between US and Spain which gave the US the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

 washington’s farewell address 1796

told Americans to set aside their violent likes and dislikes of foreign nations, lest they be controlled by their passions referring to the French meddling with US politics; served as inspo for American isolationism and his advice for joining a permanent alliance was heeded for more than a century and a half 

XYZ affair

insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead sent three french agents called “X,Y, and Z” that demanded 250,000 dollars as a bribe to see Talleyrand 

alien and sedition acts 1798

four laws that  raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the president to deport “aliens”, and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during war time and let people who opposed the government to be prosecuted against 

kentucky and virginia resolutions

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 where both of these countries took the position that the alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional

louisiana purchase 1803

land deal between the US and France in which the US acquired

marbury vs. madison 1803

court case that resulted in the US supreme court establishing the principle of Judicial Review, giving the court the power to review and strike down laws passed by Congress of the states if they are deemed unconstitutional 

embargo act 1807

prohibited US vessels from trading with European nations during the Napoleonic War

nonintercourse act 1809

replaced the embargo act by forbidding trade with strictly just France and Britain because of them interfering with our merchant ships during the war 

war of 1812

military conflict between US and Great Britain sparked by British interference with trade and the impressment of American sailors by British Navy 

hartford convention 1814 

meeting in Connecticut where the New England federalist party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power

2nd bank of the united states 1816

established to bring stability to the national economy, serve as the depository for national funds, and provide the government with the means of floating loans and transferring money across the country; after the first bank’s charter expired 

mcculloch vs. maryland

court case that decided that the federal government had the right and power to set up a federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the federal government 

missouri compromise 1820

admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time to keep a balance between slave and free states in the nation; outlawed slavery above the 36’30’ latitude line in the remainder of the Lousianna territory 

monroe doctrine 1823

asserted the principle that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization 

corrupt bargain

political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

tariff of abominations 1828

the bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

calhoun’s south carolina exposition

in 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book in which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders.

kitchen cabinet

jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet

second great awakening 1830s

a series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

indian removal act 1830

authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

the liberator 1831

it was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison. The paper gained nationwide notoriety for its uncompromising advocacy for emancipation. The paper was resisted by many legislatures and local groups; such as in S. Carolina. The newspaper ended with the ratification of the 13th amendment, which banned all slavery in the US.

nat turner rebellion

slave from VA that led a group of slaves to kill their slaveholders and families. Turner was caught and executed on Nov.11, 1831. Slave states have stricter control on slave populations.

trail of tears

the Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

republic of texas 1837

Colonized in the eighteenth century by the Spanish, the Republic of Texas declared its independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836. The Republic of Texas was not recognized by the United States until a year later in 1837.

panic of 1837

prices began to fall in May 1837 and bank after bank refused specific payments. The Bank of the United States also failed. Speculative lending practices in the West, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international species flows, and restrictive lending policies in Britain were all factors.

democrats vs. whigs 1840

whigs favored economic expansion through an activist government, Democrats through limited central government. Whigs supported corporate charters, a national bank, and paper currency; Democrats were opposed to all three.

oregon trail 1843

an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon. they were led initially by John Gantt, a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person.

election of 1844

American presidential election held in 1844 in which Democratic candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay’s 105.

frederick douglass

a formerly enslaved man who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862, he continued to push for equality and human rights until his death in 1895.

annexation of texas and florida

seceded from Mexico and declared independence in response to Mexican abolition of slavery. The US adopts/annexes Texas because Southern states support Texas slavery. The North feared expansion of slavery and war with Mexico. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or man garrisons, so Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas.

mexican-american war

a conflict between the United States and Mexico that took place between 1846 and 1848. The war was sparked by a dispute over the annexation of Texas by the United States and a long-standing dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico.