diverse places

how has uk population changed over time

• in 1960s population grew rapidly due to baby boom after ww2

• in 1970s and 80s population grew slowly which coincided with deindustrialisation cause by the global shift

• between 2005 and 2020 the population grew between 3.5% and 4% every 5 years due to increased immigration due to joining the EU which allowed free movement

where UK population growth is concentrated and definition of north south drift

growth is concentrated un the south of England, due to rising prosperity of London and SE England as a global centre of business, finance and a hub for services. By comparison the north of England has experienced little growth and is still recovering from the global shift

north-south drift - the redistribution of population resulting from the spatial pattern of growth and decline

burgess model and population density

1. CBD

2. inner city

3. inner suburbs

4. outer suburbs

5. rural-urban fringe

• highest pop density is in inner city, lowest is in rural urban fringe.

• pop density does generally decrease with increased distance from CBD however there are exceptions

rural urban continuum graph and explanation

CBD - residential pop squeezed out by commercial activities and the concentration of many public buildings

inner-urban ridge - initially densely packed terraced buildings associated with industrial workers. many of these areas have been replaced with high rise blocks of flats. many of the high rise blocks have been replaced with modern housing. both redevelopments are unlikely to have eroded high pop density rim around CBD

interwar suburban depression - low density house building prevailed throughout the interwar period

urban fringe cliff - at the end of ww2 planning controls were relaxed at the edge of settlements. this increased pop density in the outskirts of urban areas as massive house building took place. many social housing estates are located at the urban fringe. the fringe burn areas has been firmed up and controlled by the creation of greenbelts, policies designed to stop urban sprawl into the countryside

why has pop changed within urban areas

the population varies within burned areas as in the CBD there are less people due to the cost of living in the inner city. whereas in the outer city there are more people due to the fact that commuting is now an option and also it is cheaper to live there.

natural change definition

the outmode of the balance between birth rates and death rates

different types of migration definitions

migration - the movement of people within a country

international migration - movement of people between countries

immigration - arrival of people from other countries

emigration - the act of leaving one country or an area to settle in another

net migration - total immigration - total emigration

long term immigration statistics in UK

• of the 12 million people who came to live in the uk in June 2024

• 86% were non-uk

• 10% were EU nationals

• 5% were British nationals

the demographic transition model

It shows how birth rate and death rate have influenced the total population of a place and changed over the years as industrialisation occurs

limitations of demographic transition model

doesn’t show

• government policies and legislations e.g one child policy

• disease e.g covid

• migration - population and birth rate increase

• war - would lea to increased death rate and decreased birth rate

what is the dependancy ratio

the balance between economically independent people and economically dependent people

dependant - under 15 and over 65

independent - 15-64

other factors that affect pop density with increased distance from urban centre

• physical environment - fairly flat areas lend themselves to residential development, building on slopes or flood plains is more expensive

• dwelling type and household size - both influence density

• socio-economic status - more wealthy members of society live in the most expensive housing. will also want to be furthest away from pollution

• functions - housing is mixed with non-residential activities which will decrease pop density

• planning - urban planners control the population density of all residential development, also dictates how many dwelling units should be built per hectare, green belt land is usually on the edge of urban areas and is protected from development

how does population vary in urban areas

• tend to have a younger and more ethnically diverse population

• higher proportion of young adults

• higher fertility rate

• high rates of international migration

• high internal migration from rural

how does population vary in rural areas

• varies between a commuter town and remote rural settlement

• older, less diverse population

• higher proportion of older adults

• lower fertility rates

• lower rate of international migration

what are population characteristics

• deprivation

• educational attainment

• pop change

• total pop

• pop density

• pop structure

what does ethnicity mean

cultural heritage shared by a group pf people that sets them apart from others

3 causes of different levels of cultural diversity

1. social clustering - generally inside cities diversity is higher. minority ethnic groups have become concentrated in cities due to pre-established ethnic communities, specialist services and availability of housing

2. accessibility - major role in immigrant settlement patterns. remote/ rural offers fewer opportunities

3. government policy - after ww2 it was encouraged to fill job vacancies especially to fill labour shortages in northern textiles factories

what causes cultural change

1. can be caused by a changing mix of ethnic groups. initially caused by immigration. cultural change is deepened if immigrants become concentrated in particular places or if rates of natural increase are higher than average. as second and third generations of immigrants move out to a new place, culture continues to change

2. dissemination (spread) of a new cultural by mass media. modern communications are promoting and spreading an international culture or lifestyle. media are exploiting western culture rooted in Europe and north America, focussed on consumerism, democracy snd technology (westernisation)

2 process of cultural change leading to gradual erosion of traditional culture

1. • immigration of various ethnic groups

   • concentration in particular places, mainly urban

   • subsequent dispersal and dilution with generational shifts

   • gradual cultural erosion

2. • global culture

   • first roots in capital and leading cities

   • media responsible for rippling out to remoter places

   • gradual cultural erosion

what is assimilation

when people from a different cultural or ethnic group arrive in the uk they will be exposed to national core culture and they will likely assimilate and over several generations they will likely assume some of the core cultural values. cultural assimilation works both ways. the national core culture will also take in some of immigrant culture

the difference between a space and a place

a space is a geographical point on the earths surface

a place is a space with meaning and is dynamic and constantly changing and can be perched differently

how urban areas are perceived: case study London

perceptions are on a continuum and are influenced by personal experience

London

• the Industrial Revolution caused major uk cities to grow. this rural urban migration was based on the perception that the good life was to be found in urban places. however this perception generally overlooked the downsides of living in victorian London, as a result other perception that urban places were dangerous and polluted soon grew.

causes of industrialisation in London

• textiles, especially cotton became the main export of London

• the population increased from 1 to 5 million. this rapid urbanisation produced overcrowded slums

• soon the population was too large for the infrastructure London had

social impacts of industrialisation

• overcrowded slums with appalling conditions

• no money was directed towards helping the poor

• many struggled to survive

• children as young as 5 were sent to work

• working conditions were dangerous and unhealthy

• general health suffered and led to disease outbreaks

• life expectancy was 37

• high crime rates

• met police was founded which improved order

• built new homes for w/c

environmental impacts of industrialisation

• coal fired stores and poor sanitation made the air heavy and oful smelling

• raw sewage was dumped in the thames

• slums had poort hygiene

• constructed new sewage system to divert sewage out of the city

economic impacts of industrialisation

• Industrial Revolution brought economic growth and technological advances and provided jobs

changing perceptions of London

• London is perceived by many as an irresistible magnet drawing in migrants from overseas and from other parts of the uk

• because of a wide range of employment opportunities, the range and quality of commercial and social services, amenities, more social security and employment rights

what is the reality of lived experience in urban areas

• high living costs - wages are generally high but living costs are significantly higher

• low environmental quality - unsatisfactory housing, atmospheric pollution, noise and light pollution and antisocial behaviour

• crime - crime rates are higher in urban areas, ONS found that rate of violence was 9.3 per 1000 people higher in urban areas, varies with urban areas and the met police recorded knife offences as up by 16% to 12,755 year on year

• social isolation - newly arrived immigrants initially have feelings of exclusion bu these feelings cn be diluted by assimilation in UK society and social clustering, and socio-economic segregation

• ethnic diversity - minority ethnic groups continue to be socially clustered and residentially segregated. there is still racial discrimination. tensions can build within communities

what is the life cycle

the idea that most families or household go through a sequence of changes in their lifetime, which are particularly significant in terms of housing needs and moves. their perception of a place changes depending on what stage they are at. characterised by changes in household size, composition income and spending patterns. as households progress through the life cycle, they experience socio-economic impacts that influence their behaviour, attitudes and decisions. has four stages

1. formation stage

• Individuals form households, either by marrying or cohabiting, or by leaving the family home to live on their own.

• This stage is characterized by low income, high housing costs, and a strong desire for mobility and independence.

• Young households in this stage often live in urban areas, attracted by the opportunities for employment, education, and social interaction that these areas provide.

2. growth stage

• Households are typically established and growing, with children being born and raised.

• This stage is characterized by increasing income, declining housing costs, and a growing desire for stability and security.

• Households in this stage often move to the suburbs in search of larger homes and more space, as well as improved schools and safe neighbourhoods for their children.

3. mature stage

• Households are often established and well established, with the children having grown up and left the home.

• This stage is characterized by a decline in income, a return to higher housing costs, and a greater desire for convenience and accessibility.

• Many households in this stage return to the city, seeking to downsize their homes and take advantage of the walkability, cultural offerings, and services that are more readily available in urban areas.

4. dissolution stage

• Households are typically smaller and may consist of elderly individuals living alone or in nursing homes.

• This stage is characterized by declining income, declining housing costs, and a growing desire for accessibility and support services.

• Many households in this stage choose to remain in the city, seeking the accessibility and services that are available in urban areas.

how perceptions change with life cycle

Along the household life cycle, perceptions of urban areas change as household needs and desires change. For example, young households may view the city as an exciting and dynamic place to live, with many opportunities for employment, education, and social interaction. However, as they move into the growth stage, they may view the city as too crowded, noisy, and dangerous, and prefer the suburbs for their larger homes, improved schools, and safe neighbourhoods.

Conversely, as households move into the mature stage, they may view the city as more convenient and accessible, with a wide range of cultural offerings, walkable streets, and services. In the dissolution stage, households may view the city as a place of safety, with a higher level of support services available, such as hospitals and nursing homes, and a greater sense of community and support.

how rural areas are perceived stereotypically

• rural areas are perceived as idyllic, within nature, attractive landscape and scenery, no pollution of any kind, peace and quiet, and easy access to services ‘the rural idyll’

• e.g. Burley, New Forest

rural reality 1. remoteness

• takes too long to travel to and from other places

• too far from work and leisure opportunities

rural reality 2. limited opportunities

could trigger a cycle of decline which is self-reinforcing and difficult to reverse

rural reality 3 limited range of services

• people is rural areas often travel further to access services and facilities that urban dwellers take for granted

• rural services desert - areas with very low access to services

• country puns are less common than they once were due to less customers which can lead to less social cohesion

• rural services are more vulnerable to government cuts as it is more expensive to provide services in rural areas than in urban areas, even if they are being run efficiently. e.g youth clubs, libraries, GP surgeries and bus services

rural reality 4. housing

• housing may look rustic and attractive but is often old but might not be able to be future proofed or adapted to support disabled access

• high running costs - inefficient insulation and high energy costs

rural reality 5. technology

• ability to access internet is increasingly important

• many retired people are frightened by and have no first hand experience of this technology

• patchy or non-existent phone reception

rural reality 6. social isolation

• when people move for retirement it can be hard to socialise

• it can be difficult for new people to break into existing rural community networks

categories of rural areas diagram

comparing different areas on diagram

commuter belt

• fast rates of pop growth, partly due to the arrival of workers and their families who are keen to escapes downsides of urban areas.

• high housing costs

• mainly working adults and their kids

• pop growth fuelled by natural increase, high fertility rates and average mortality

accessible rural

• mainly retired people who either moved from the city or lived there, their whole lives

• high migration rates but primarily white British however still large numbers of ethnic minorities

• people are drawn there due to idealised stereotypes and recreation opportunities. this creates tourism jobs

• now are being developed and expanded if not protected

remote rural

• suffered from depopulation this leads to the spiral of decline

• young people who are economically active and leaving for work

• people may be moving to these areas due to counter-urbanisation and modern tech means people can work from home but young people are still leaving snd not being replaced

contrasting perceptions of commuter villages

youth

postives - good schools, plenty of friends

negatives - parents preoccupied with work

middle aged adult

positives - pleasant location to bring up family

negatives - rising costs of housing

elderly

positives - good access to social services

negatives - high housing costs, increasing number of commuters

contrasting perceptions of day tripper villages/accessible rural

youth

postives - casual work in leisure and tourism

negatives - difficult to socialise with friends

middle aged adult

positives - good to visit

negatives - limited employment

elderly

positives - plenty of people around

negatives - too busy in honeypot locations

contrasting perceptions of remote villages

youth

postives - good outdoor recreation

negatives - little entertainment, not cool, too quiet

middle aged adult

positives - good holiday places

negatives - poor communications, expensive accessibility

elderly

positives - quiet and peaceful

negatives - small number of friends

case study on Cornwall perceptions based on age

youth

postives - tourism provides holiday work and entertainment

negatives - very remote, no rail links, limited social opportunities, limited range of services and few permanent jobs

middle aged adult

positives - high sunshine hours and warmer lcimate, tourism provides jobs and good work life balance

negatives - lack of commuting opportunities, limited services, high transport costs, more storms which cause damages. people buying second homes will raise prices for young people, forces the out

elderly

positives - retirement villages with medical care, entertainment and flats in one place for people over 55

negatives - poor health services with limited hours, can’t get transport to hospitals due to a lack of buses, limited social opportunities and retirement villages are expensive to live in.

different representation of places influencing local tensions

• change can become the generator of tension and conflict

• gentrification and socio-economic change can cause tensions because of increased house prices (from DFLs)

• influx of minority ethnic groups

• social clustering and residential segregation

• building new houses on Greenfield sites to accommodate increasing population

• decline in public services, particularly in rural areas

perceptions of places are strongly conditioned by the media, are often two sides, real and imagined

London’s multiculturalism presented in the media

• guardian presented minority ethnic groups as the victims and the police and racial profiling as the problem

• whereas right wing media said that immigration was the problem and white working class people are the victims to a loss of a community.

general characteristics of people moving in and out of London

In - young, no children, ethnically diverse and often qualified

Out - families, older, white British retiring to other parts of the uk

what does it mean if internal migration is zero sum

any positive net migration in one area can only happen if there is negative net migration in another area

impacts of positive net migration

• larger skilled workforce

• multiplier effect (more spending)

• more culture and entertainment

• more public services

• higher property prices

• air pollution

• congestion

• more competition for jobs

• overcrowding

• multiculturalism

impacts of negative net migration

• brain drain

• closure of public services

• less competition for jobs

• unbalanced demographic

• ageing pop

• lower house prices

• clearer air

• less congestion

• more green space

internal migration in UK: factor 1 - north south drift

• movement of people form north to south east

• high levels of unemployment pushed workers towards jobs in tertiary sector. increased with deindustrialisation in the north

• reinforced by the perception that quality of life is better in the south

internal migration in UK: factor 2 - suburbanisation

• movement from inner city to suburbs

• better quality of life, more space to raise families while still be able to commute

internal migration in UK: factor 3 - counter urbanisation

• movement from urban to accessible rural and remote rural

• some hope it will reverse north south drift

• fuelled by covid as people realised they could work from home anywhere in the country

migration to London - Wave 1

The first wave of immigration into London in the 20th century was from the British colonies and dominions. Following the First World War, many people from the Caribbean, India, and other parts of the British Empire came to London to work and study. These immigrants brought with them new cultures, traditions, and cuisines that greatly enriched the city's diverse cultural landscape.

migration to London - Wave 2

The second wave of immigration was from Eastern Europe after the Second World War. After the Second World War, there was a huge demand for labour to help repair the huge amount of bomb damage and help the economic recovery. In the UK, as in most other parts of Europe, the labour shortage was made worse by the fact that so many people, particularly men, had been killed fighting the war. Many Jews who had survived the Holocaust and other refugees from Eastern Europe came to London, seeking a new start and a better life. These immigrants brought with them their unique cultural traditions and helped to shape the city's thriving Jewish community.

migration to London - Wave 3

The third wave of immigration into London was from the Caribbean and other parts of the world in the 1950s and 1960s. This wave was prompted by Britain's need for labour after the war and the introduction of the National Health Service and other social programs. Many immigrants from the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia came to London to take advantage of these opportunities and to escape poverty and political unrest in their home countries.

migration to London - Wave 4

The fourth wave of immigration into London was from the EU, particularly after the enlargement of the EU in 2004. The collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe released huge numbers of people ‘hungry’ for work and a decent wage’. In 2004, eight of these former communist countries joined the EU (known as the A8 countries). Their inhabitants were then able to take advantage of one of the benefits of EU membership – the free movement of labour between member states. In 2007 EU membership increased once again with the admission of two more Eastern European countries, Bulgaria and Romania (known as the A2 countries). This wave was driven by the need for labour in the UK, as well as the desire for greater freedom and opportunities in the EU. Immigrants from Eastern Europe came to London in search of work and a better life.

positive impacts of migration

The impact of immigration on London has been both positive and negative. On the one hand, immigration has enriched the city's cultural landscape and economy, creating a vibrant and diverse community. Immigrants have brought new ideas, perspectives, and skills to the city, making it a hub for innovation and creativity. They have also helped to boost the city's economy by providing a source of labour and contributing to the growth of various industries.

negative impacts of migration

On the other hand, immigration has also brought challenges to the city, such as housing shortages, cultural tensions, and economic competition. The rapid pace of immigration has put pressure on public services, including schools, hospitals, and transportation, leading to overcrowding and limited resources. The rise of anti-immigrant sentiment and xenophobia in some quarters has also led to social tensions and discrimination against immigrants.

the 2008 financial crash led to immigrants being used as a scapegoat for the loss of jobs which worsened xenophobia

social impact of migration: impact on migrants

• many migrants are subject to racial harassment and discrimination

• many unskilled migrants, especially those being trafficked, quickly becoming the victims of severe discrimination and exploitation

• many migrants do unpleasant jobs

• often paid poorly an below minimum wage

• cannot afford basic costs of living

• arrival of immigrants has contribute to uk economy and has had lasting contributions to uk society and culture

• pressure on services due to overpopulation

• uk born workers have to compete

• eu migrants contribute more in taxes than they receive in benefits

social impact of migration: political impacts

• central focus of last 3 general elections

• current labour government announced plans to limit migration by introducing tougher visa rules

international migrants in rural areas

some international migrants choose to live in rural areas for specific reasons. however very few immigrants actually live in rural areas but many work there. the migrants involved in rural employment often have little choice and are driven there by economic circumstances and the labour market.

case study: Boston, Lincolnshire

• has the highest percentage of eastern European immigrants in the UK. In 2021 had 23.6% of people were non UK born

• migrants are drawn by jobs and are attracted by the fact they can work long hours and earn more than they could in Poland

• these jobs are often shunned by UK citizens

• in many cases they are being exploited and have no trade union protection. local farmers like cheap labour and migrants like lower costs of living.

• Boston now has specialist services like a Lithuanian supermarket, polish restaurant, polish pub and Lithuanian cake shop.

• Boston demographics: young population, lower wages, higher rent, increasingly diverse, immigrants are well educated, if they can’t speak English they are exploited.

• Boston has elected Reform’s Andrea Jenkins as Lincolnshire’s mayor. very anti-immigration, said they should live in tents. this reflects the viewpoints of the area

how does international migration contribute to ethnic segregation

• migrants arrive in UK, immediate needs of food and shelter, initially go to places where earlier migrants from same source country live, migration to this place gathers momentum, groups of migrants come to be the predominant population in this place, this is social clustering, also known as an ethnic enclave.

London Borough’s diversity

• Camden - 15% or more Asian/Asian British population

• Greenwich - 15% or more Black/Black British population

• Croydon - both

economic factors that lead to ethnic segregation

• employment taken up by immigrants is often poorly paid

• little income to spend on housing

• immigrants settle in poorer areas

• social clustering

internal factors causing spatial segregation

• internal factors are when ethnic minorities themselves opt for spatial segregation

• providing mutual support via families, welfare and community organisations/shops

• encouraging friendships and marriages within ethnic groups or reducing contact with majority population that may undermine their culture

• providing protection against racist abuse and attacks from members of the majority

• increasing political influence and power in the area

• allows more opportunities to use minority language

external factors causing spatial segregation

• external factors are when the majority population take action to encourage spatial segregation

• migration of majority out of area with high minority population

• discrimination in the job market, more likely to be unemployed

• discrimination by house sellers

• social hostility/unfriendliness from majority

• racially motivated violence.

elite migration in London

• When USSR collapsed almost 100 Russians became billionaires, they are politically powerful people known as oligarchs

• they are now buying property in London

• they have invested in property to protect their wealth against their country’s crumbling economy

• example of internal segregation.

• oligarchs are not the only people buying property, Russian banks are not trusted so people keep their money in a haven like the UK. Most Russians do not live here but transfer the profits of their businesses in the UK

• e.g two properties in London, frequently named as one of Britain’s most expensive postcodes, were bought for £16 million. but they now lie derelict because the Ukraine war means properties cannot be sold or rented or visited and as a result are in a state of disrepair which impacts the whole street.

• Russians own around £1.5 billion worth of property in London

ethnic indicators in the urban landscape

• businesses

• shops

• faith schools

• places of worship

• restaurants

• cultural festivals

• newspapers

• social clubs

Southall: case study

• borough in Ealing, in west London

• high proportion of Asian people

• more precessions, celebrations, and festivals due to size of ethnic population

• settled near Heathrow for economic reasons of lower house prices because it is further out of the city

how ethnic enclaves affect perception of place

ethnic enclaves strengthen positive perceptions of place as people living in them feel belonging then as time passes migrants move out of ethnic enclave because they feel more confident in their new society and have assimilated, they move because of the perception of higher earnings elsewhere.

Jewish migration into UK

• ¼ million migrated in last 200 years

• initial pull was a life free of discrimination and persecution, and they could earn a living from their commercial and professional skills

• settled in east end due to lower cost of housing

• perception of London has changed over time as new generations have developed their own hybrid cultural identity while often progressing economically, which led to them moving to wealthier suburbs and assimilating.

• now are facing hostility due to Gaza war which means their perceptions of London are becoming negative due to fear of persecution.

stats about how lived experience of minority differs to majority

• twice as likely to be unemployed 12% compared to 6%

• half as likely to own their own home

• muslim children are 3x as likely to live in a crowded home

• twice as likely to have no central heating

• Pakistani and Bangladesh people suffer twice as much ill health.

Central Park, Manhattan, New York

• one of the highest land values per square kilometre in the world

• extremely desirable so if land use changed it would cause conflict and competition for land.

competition for land

• businesses want to use it for offices/shops

• retail stores and offices can bid highest, recreation and housing cannot bid as high unless governments get involved through planning laws that prioritise other land uses like housing

• residents and council want to use it for housing

further tensions caused by using land for housing

• should it be owner-occupiers, to rent, affordable housing or social housing

types of housing

owner occupied - owners of house live there with or without a mortgage

property developers - companies that build houses

affordable housing - dwellings build by housing associates for sale at below market prices for first time buyers

social housing - dwellings often owned by local authorities built to provide accommodation at affordable rents to people on low income

gentrification

when richer people move into a low income area and drive prices up

causes of tensions within a place

• changes of land use

• migration

• closure of independent shops and replacement by international chains - loss of economic growth and character

• new housing development

• gentrification

• people displaced by road improvement

Pepys Estate Deptford

• 1869 - most important dockland, bombed badly during ww2. bulldozed and rebuilt as social houses consisting of three 24 storey tower block, ten 8 storey blocks and several 4 storey blocks. housing 1200 households.

• became a popular place to move, people lived there for over 30 years due to riverside location and stunning views

• however residents struggled to adjust to living in flats and the long dark corridors became crime corridors with frequent muggings and fear of crime increased and was also subject to vandalism and antisocial behaviour

• in 2000 five blocks of the estate were regenerated into local new high quality home. led to rising rents which led to long term residents being priced out and replaced by affluent newcomers.

regenerating London Docklands

• needed regenerating because the global shift and deindustrialisation cause the closure of the docks because containerisation meant the large ships could not longer fit in the docks. this triggered a cycle of decline

• the LDDC’s main objective was to encourage economic growth

• there were tensions between the LDDC and local council because the council wanted affordable housing and work for local people

• LDDC thought the whole community would benefit because of trickle down economics which means the high earning jobs would create other jobs this would lead to wealth trickling down to poorer communities

• Canary Wharf did grow employment however the majority of these are commuters so poverty is still present. 27% of Newham’s working population live on less than £7 a day.

Glasgow - diversity creating tension

• remains a poverty hotspot despite large amounts of investment

• 15% of the most deprived areas in Scotland are in Glasgow

• people in these areas feel they have missed out on investments have benefitted other parts of the city

• this creates hostility and tension towards governments

• the most deprived areas are also the most ethnically diverse

• ethnic diversity has increase significantly from 2001-2011

• Some white British residents feel the higher concentration of EM is due to high rates of unemployment, no investment, dilution of Scottish culture and are largely anti Islamic due to terror attacks like 9/11

• These real or imagined beliefs generate social tension and many African and Asian people feel they are not wanted and this is reinforced by their poverty and sense of helplessness in trying to break out the deprivation cycle

How geographers manage ethnicity

• outlawing discrimination

• Assimilating minority ethnic culture

• Ensuring immigrant cultures are respected

• Conserving cultural heritage

How geographers manage migration

• reducing tensions between newcomers and long-standing residents

• Stemming unwanted flows of migration

• Managing immigration

• Improving border security

How geographers manage population structure

• encourage a youthful population

• Coping with an ageing population

• Raising life expectancy

How geographers manage quality of life

• improving access to housing

• Improving quality of housing

• Providing healthcare and education

• Reduce poverty and deprivation

• Improving the living environment

Steps in the management of change

1. Identify the issue

2. Forecast how the issue would change in the near future without intervention

3. Draw up a management plan with a strategy of specific actions to take

4. Implement the plan

5. Monitor performance

6. Evaluate the performance of the plan

7. Revise plan

Demographic indicators of social progress

• total population

• Migration balance

• Age structure

• Life expectancy

• Ethnic mix

• Family size

Economic indicators of social progress

• type of employment

• Unemployment rate

• Household income

• % minimum wage

• % on benefits

• Dwelling tenure

The index of multiple deprivation

• composite measure

• Look at spatial inequalities between and within urban and rural places

• Looks at crime, unemployment, housing barriers, education, health and income

Measures of assimilation

Economics

• mapping changing residential distributions

• Amount of mixed ethnic marriages

• Comparing wages of ethnic groups

Political

• assessing engagement in politics

• Assessing % of minority groups voting at elections

• Assessing people standing for election

Social

• incidence of hate crimes

Muslims in London

• strong identification with religion however it is compatible with their identification as uk nationals

• There was no strong desire to segregate residentially

• Does not stop them from condemning attacks on civilians carried out by Islamic extremism

Integration

• a midpoint between assimilation and multiculturalism which is incorporating individuals or groups while allowing them to maintain their unique cultural identities

• English speaking, no discrepancy in levels of education, high rates of employment, participating in policies, celebrating national holidays with integrity